Bab 1
Tujuan bab
Pemahaman tentang sebuah bahasa
pemahaman part of speech (kelas kata)
pemahaman phrase (frase),dan jenis-jenis nya.
Pemahaman dalam soal
Prologue bahasa
Sebenarnya,sebelum kita belajar tentang sebuah tata bahasa inggris,kita perlu memahami pemahaman dasar dari definisi sebuah bahasa adalah:sebuah cara/sistem yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan/mengexpresikan sebuah ide,pikiran,maupun perasaan.
bahasa isyarat/tubuh sign,&gesture
Cara/sistem: Lisan speaking
Tulisan writing
Kinds of Part of speech (jenis-jenis kelas kata)
1: verb (kata kerja) eg : hatta eats friedrice.: kata eat disini kelas katanya adalah verb
2:noun (kata benda) e.g: friedrice : kata friedrice yang menjadi objek dari kata kerja disini adalah berkelas kata: noun
3:pronoun (kata ganti) eg : I eat friedrice.: perhatikan pergantian subyek dari orang kedua (Hatta)menjadi kata ganti orang pertama( I ).
5:adverb (kata keterangan) e.g : I eat friedrice at a famous restaurant. : menjadi adverb of place(keterangan tempat) dari keseluruhan kalimat.
6:preposition(kata depan) e.g : at a famous restaurtant : perhatikan kata at yang menjadi anggota general of preposition(kata depan yang umum) in,on,at.
7:conjunction (kata sambung) e.g: I eat friedrice because I like it : kata because disini berkelas kata conjunction.
8:adjective (kata sifat) e.g: itsna is beautiful : perhatikan kata beautiful yang berkelas kata adjective.
9:interjection (kata seru) eg:OH!!,UHH!!,YES!!,BRAVO!!,EURECA!!.
Phrase(frase)
Sebelum kita beranjak kedalam pembahasan sebuah kalimat dasar hingga yang kompleks,Perlu diketahui bahwa sebuah kalimat dasar itu dibentuk dari frase demi frase.hingga menjadi sebuah kalimat.karena jika kita memahami-nya secara benar,maka tidak akan sulit untuk menulis/memahami dalam sebuah tata bahasa.terutama,dalam bahasa inggris.
Sebuah frase itu sendiri dibentuk dari : huruf (letter) kata (word) frase (phrase). Contoh:
A Apple red apple
Jadi,definisi dari sebuah phrase adalah: rangkaian kata yang bermakna,dan tidak berpola S (subject) + V (verb).coba bandingkan dengan sebuah kalimat yang mempunyai Subject (pelaku) + Verb (kata kerja) e.g: arjen robben kick the keeper,vandersar.
Subject + verb = Sentence (kalimat)
Kind of phrase (jenis-jenis frase)
1: Noun phrase : Definisi dari sebuah noun phrase adalah frase yang intinya ada pada/berupa noun (kata benda).
w.o (word order/pola) : Modifier+ Head (penjelas) (inti)
INA: kerudung merah muda
e.g (exampli gracia) bahasa keren nya contoh : I (inti) P (penjelas) ENG: pink veil
m + H
e.g : fussy boy , beautiful woman
M(adj)+H(noun) M(adj)+ H(noun)
karena Head (inti) yang dijelaskan disini adalah noun,maka dipastikan selalu berkelas kata noun,dan disebut noun phrase.
fungsi dari Modifier (penjelas)disini menjelaskan Head,dan Modifier dipastikan berkelas kata adj (adjective).karena mensifati/menjelaskan noun.
Catatan bahwa tidak semua Modifier dalam noun phrase harus selalu berkelas kata adjective murni.e.g ; flower garden
M adj + H (noun)
(NOUN)
Modifier dalam noun phrase bisa lebih dari satu,sedangkan--
Head dalam noun phrase hanya boleh ada satu.e.g : long black pipe
M + M + H
Meski Modifier nya lebih dari satu
Tetapi,tetap disebut berpola M+H karena semua modifier menjelaskan satu Head.
2:Prepositional phrase: jadi,definisi dari prepositional phrase adalah frase yang intinya ada pada preposisi(kata depan),dan berpola: preposition + object of preposition.yang bisa menempati obyek dari si preposisi adalah : Noun e.g : in water
prep + object of preposition (NOUN)
Pronoun e.g : on you
prep + object of preposition (PRONOUN)
Noun phrase e.g : at a glorious jurrasic park
M + M + H=Np
Prep + object of prep (noun phrase)
Notes:Ketika ada noun phrase dalam prepositional phrase/didahului preposition,maka noun tersebut bukan sebagai Head (inti) tapi sebagai object of preposition(obyek dari si kata depan).
Notes : Aggota general preposition/preposisi yang umum adalah : in,on,at.
sebenarnya masih banyak preposisi yang lainnya seperti: Beside,since,before,after,with,As,because of.etc…(cara mudahnya untuk mengetahui kelas katanya sebagai preposition adalah dengan melihat apakah ada noun,pronoun,dan noun phrase yang menempati sebagai object of preposition.
M + M + M + H= Np M + M + H= Np
E.g: beside red luxurious Ducati motors As a cute clown
Prep + object of prep (noun phrase) prep + object of prep ( noun phrase)
Because of you since 1986
Prep+object of prep (pronoun) prep + object of prep (noun)
3.Verb phrase: Definisi dari verb phrase adalah frase yang intinya ada pada verb ordinary(kata kerja utama),dan berpola : Verb auxiliary + verb Ordinary
(kata kerja bantu) (kata kerja utama)
E.g: will fly E.g: shall have been eaten
V aux + v ord V aux +v aux + v aux + v ord
would have flown should be eating
V aux +v aux + v aux + v ord V aux + v aux + v ord
notes:
Sama hal nya seperti noun phrase,verb auxiliary bisa lebih dari satu. sedangkan,verb ordinary hanya bisa ada satu dalam setiap verb phrase.
4.Adjective phrase: definisi nya adalah phrase yang intinya ada pada adjective.dan,berpola : adverb + adjective
E.g: really happy very fast
Adv + Adj Adv + Adj
So sweet rather hungry
Adv + Adj Adv + Adj
Jika kita perhatikan dalam adjective phrase disini,maka kita akan tahu bahwa satu-satunya yang menjelaskan adjective hanya adverb.tidak ada yang lain.
Hei!!Catatan penting neh!!Kawan!
Kalau Dalam adjective phrase ada pengecualian.yaitu jika bertemu kata ‘’Enough’’,maka polanya dibalik menjadi: Adjective + Adverb
E.g: hungry enough sweet enough
Adj + adv Adj + adv
Happy enough fast enough
Adj + adv Adj + adv
5.Adverbial phrase: masih sama seperti sebelumnya.kalau sebuah phrase itu ditentukan oleh intinya.jadi,adverbial phrase adalah phrase yang intinya berupa adverb,dan berpola : Adverb + Adverb.
Maka kita bisa menyimpulkan kalau yang menjelaskan adverb bisa dipastikan adalah adverb juga.(inti nya berada yang paling depan) seperti contoh berikut :
E.g: very slowly exceptionally greedily
Adv + Adv Adv + Adv
really really friendly rather correctly
Adv + Adv + Adv Adv + Adv
Exercise 1
Hei kawan!!Tentukan jenis-jenis phrase berikut ini,dan jangan lupa kelas katanya ok!
1.extremely hopefully = 16.shall have taken =
2.with a new pink veil = 17.will kiss =
3.the most difficult question = 18.have paid =
4.would be hit = 19.since Monday =
5.absolutely gloomy = 20.extremely weak =
6.since a hectic week = 21.really cautiously =
7.really lovely = 22.much frozen food =
8.A really dangerous Jurassic park = 23.Has changed =
9.As a really unresponsible judge = 24.undoubtly clever =
10.should have been born = 25.adjective phrase =
11.definitely carefully = 26.very very naive =
12.so greedy = 27.so much expensive gadget =
13. before twentieth century = 28.in 2007 =
14.obviously strict = 29.greatest love songs =
15.will have been made = 30. because of you =
Bab 2
Tujuan bab
Perkenalan sruktur kalimat dasar dari sebuah kalimat.
Pemahaman dalam soal
Kesimpulan
membahas verb secara rinci.
Mengetahui fungsi dasar dari sebuah frase.
Yo!! Akhirnya,Kita mulai juga pembahasan tentang pengertian dari sebuah bahasa yang benar dari segi tata bahasa.dan,jangan lupa kalau makna yang terkandung didalamnya juga tidak boleh dilupakan lho!.coz buat apa kita membangun sebuah kalimat tanpa makna yang jelas.ya ga!?
Tenang aja ngga usah bayangin yang susah-susah.walau hanya struktur dasar,justru kalau kita paham dasar yng baik..maka,gampang buat ngelanjutin yang lebih advance nantinya.mungkin akan agak membosankan bagi kamu-kamu yang baru mulai belajar,tapi percaya deh walau pahit kayak brotowali pasti akan menyehatkan tubuh kita. Ok!! Kita mulai !Kawan.
Sentence (kalimat)
Main clause/Independent clause
Clause W.o: subject + verb
e.g:ratih smiles
Sub clause/dependent clause
Wo: conjunction + subject + verb
e.g: As her friend says goodbye
tanda baca pengakhir
Sentence: ratih smiles as her friend says goodbye.
Subject verb conj subject verb
Independent clause dependent clause Keseluruhan ini disebut kalimat.
Jadi,yang dimaksud dengan bagan ini adalah kalau di dalam sentence (kalimat) ada yang namanya clause.nah,clause itu dibagi menjadi dua jenis.yaitu main clause/independent clause,dan sub clause/dependent clause.
Fungsi IC sama seperti namanya.IC(supaya simple kita sebut independent clause jadi IC aja ok),’’independent’’yaitu dia bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa DC(dependent clause).IC yang mempunyai pola subject + verb selamanya kita sebut dia clause selama dia tidak mempunya tanda baca pengakhir seperti: !(tanda seru) ?(tanda tanya) . (titik)
Untuk DC itu sendiri yang mempunyai pola conjunction + subject + verb,sama seperti arti bahasanya ‘’dependent’’kalau kehadirannya bergantung pada IC.(jadi,DC tidak bisa muncul sendiri tanpa IC gitu kk ^_^).karena jika DC aja yang muncul tanpa kehadiran IC,dia ngga cukup untuk dimengerti dari segi makna.
Kamu harus tahu juga tuh kalau keberadaan DC dikarenakan oleh kehadiran conjunction itu sendiri.dan,ngga semua conjunction bisa untuk digunakan sebagai conjunction(kata sambung)dari DC.(tenang aja ntar kita bahas conjunction apa aja yang ngga boleh ok!)
Nah,kalau kita lihat secara keseluruhan,ada IC&DC dalam sebuah kalimat utuh.dan,kita bisa kita sebut kalimat juga kok untuk sebuah pola SUBJECT + VERB yang tentu saja selama disertai tanda baca pengakhir.
e.g Fahri cries!!
Subject + verb
Tanda baca pengakhir
Variasi penulisan kalimat.
Selain pola IC + DC,dalam sebuah kalimat juga mempunyai variasi penulisan.yaitu dengan membaliknya menjadi DC ,+ IC
kalau pola penulisan dengan variasi seperti ini harus menggunakan koma.
e.g: Drogba comes after crespo has gone.
subject verb conj subject verb
IC DC
Sentence
Kudu,musti,wajib pakai koma
e.g: after crespo has gone, drogba comes
conj subject verb subject verb
DC IC
SENTENCE
tips:
karena ada beberapa conjunction yang bisa berkelas kata sebagai conjunction,dan preposition,seperti: As,after,until,since,maka cara mengetahuinya adalah dengan mencari apakah ada verb,atau tidak.
e.g: After raptor scratches the trees = DC
conj subject verb
sebagai conj,karena ada verb
After the scratched trees = Pp After
sebagai preposition karena tidak ada verb
prep + object of prep:(noun phrase)
E.G: Since 1985 = Pp
Prep + obj of prep:(noun phrase)
Diikuti object of preposition = preposition
Since you go = DC since
Conj + Subj + Verb diikuti verb = conjunction
Pola : (rangkuman)
1.Np (Noun phrase) : Modifier + Head
2.Pp (Prepositional phrase) : preposition + Object of prep
Noun
Pronoun
Noun phrase
3.Vp (verb phrase) : Vaux + Vord
4.Ap (Adjective phrase) : Adverb + Adjective
5.Avp (Adverbial phrase) : Adverb + Adverb
6.IC (Independent clause) : subject +verb
7.DC (Dependent clause) : Conjunction + Subject + Verb
8.sentence : IC + !/?/.
IC + DC + !/?/. end mark
DC ,+ IC + !/?/.
Koma
9.As,After,Since,Until : preposition + Noun/Pron/Np = Np
Conjunction + Subject + Verb = DC
EXERCISE 2
Tentukan apakah IC,DC,sentence,atau phrase.jika phrase,tentukan jenis phrase nya.dan, jangan lupa kelas katanya.
1.extremely easy = 35.for laylis =
2.with a new red costume = 36.shall swim =
3After the actor swims = 37.jacko uses AK47 =
4.after that small swimming pool = 38.would have shot =
5.should have been drunk = 39.before your house =
6.definitely carelessly = 40.should be kissed =
7.since he goes,I cry =
8.really sweet =
9.in haunted house =
10.that cat runs =
11.since a fine day =
12.shall be watched =
13.I punch him Because he challenged me. =
14.Real Madrid bought Rud Tjee. =
15.As an expert Game tester =
16.rather quick =
17.After typing =
18.before Utami went to surbaya,I give her a nice book.=
19.her son will be a painter. =
20.next to Lisa =
21.so violently =
22.Despite the warm season =
23.beside magdalena =
24.As Jun Ji Hyun smiles =
25.have told =
26.sophie flew. =
27.because of love =
28.After bim-bim played the Drum =
29.on December =
30.Naruto will never give up until He becomes a Hokage. =
31.Chocolate tastes nice =
32.until Bon Jovi released new solo album,Richie Sambora quit. =
33.very nice =
34.Quite large =
Verb : Definisi
Form (bentuk)
Function(FUNGSI)
Objective case (KEBUTUHAN AKAN OBYEK)
Semantic case (KEBUTUHAN AKAN MAKNA)
Hei kawan!!kalian harus tahu kalau elemen yang paling penting dari sebuah kalimat adalah verb nya(kata kerja).coz dari semua soal-soal yang akan mucul didalam T.O.E.F.L Baron,Longman,Cambridged,cliff,kita akan lebih mudah mengenalisa untuk mengetahui jawaban nya jika kita mengetahui Verb ord nya.nah,makanya dalam pembahsan verb yang dimulai dari berbagai bentuknya sampai kebutuhan maknanya kali ini,diharap kk sekalian benar-benar memahaminya.
(Part of speech)
Verb
Definisi : kata yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aktivitas,atau kondisi.
Form(bentuk) = ada 4
Present form Bare Infinitive (Bi) kata
(1) Kata kerja murni/asli.e.g: Go,Study,Eat,etc….
To infinitive (To + Bi) = (To infinitive)
e.g::To go,To study,To,Eat,etc…
Additional inifinitive. : (Bi + es/s) = (Ai)
e.g: Goes,Studies,Eats
(2) Past form/ V2 (Past tense/PT)
e.g:Went,Studied,Ate
(3) Past participle/V3 (Pp)
e.g: Gone,Studied,Eaten
(4) Present participle /Ving .pola : Bi + ing (Pres.p)
Eg:Going,Studying,Eating
Yap,bisa kita lihat dalam bagan yang menjelaskan bentuk-bentuk Verb kali ini kalau definisi dari sebuah verb adalah kata yang digunakan u/ menunjukkan suatu kondisi,atau keadaan.
sebenarnya,dalam pembahasan verb kali ini yang mempunyai berbagai macam bentuk mulai dari Present form yang mempunyai 3 bentuk,yaitu:Bi(Bare infinitive) adalah kata kerja murni(belum berubah/ditambah bentuk apapun),dan kita lebih mengenalnya dengan nama V1.(bisa kalian lihat contohnya di bagan).
To infinitive adalah Bare infinitive yang mendapat tambahan berupa ‘’To + Bi’’ menjadi To infinitive (lihat contoh).untuk penggunaan Additional infinitive yaitu Verb + es/s digunakan untuk yang subject kalimatnya berupa : He,She,It.
Bentuk Past form/V2 seperti yang kita tahu untuk kalimat simple past.
Past participle/ V3 untuk kalimat yang menggunakan tenses Present/Past perfect,atau kalimat Passive.
Present participle,atau lebih mudah mengingatnya dengan nama Ving yang mempunyai pola : Bare infinitive + ing berfungsi dalam kalimat yang menggunakan tenses continuous (sedang berlangsung).
Exercise 3
Verb itu sendiri mempunyai empat jenis bentuk.yaitu:To Inf (To infinitive) ,AI (Additional infinitive),Pp (Past participle),dan Pres.p (present participle). Untuk Past participle/V2 mempunyai dua jenis perubahan bentuk,disebut Regular (beraturan),dan Irregular verb (tidak beraturan).sebelum mengerjakan tabel soal latihan,lihatlah petunjuk,dan peraturannya.untuk mengisi tabel dibawah ini dengan bentuk-bentuknya yang benar
Regular verb,definisi Verb yang pembentukan Past form/V2,dan Past participle/V3 nya dengan menambahkan ‘’d/ed’’ (beraturan).
Irregular verb,definisi Verb yang pembentukan Past form/V2,dan Past participle/V3 nya ‘’tidak’’ menambahkan ‘’d/ed’’ (tidak beraturan).untuk Irregular verb,cara mudahnya selain menghafal yaitu dengan melihat kamus ^_^)
Aturan perubahan regular verb
1.Verb yang berakhiran : ss,ch,sh,x,o langsung menggunakan ‘ed’
e.g : kiss kissed watch watched
box boxed wash washed
2.Verb yang berakhiran ‘Y’ ,dan didahului huruf konsonan ‘Y’ dirubah ke ‘I’ ,dan ditambah ‘ed’
e.g: cry cried try tried fry fried
3.Verb yang berakhiran ‘Y’ ,dan didahului huruf vocal, langsung ditambahkan ‘ed’
e.g: play played
4.Verb yang sudah berakhiran ‘e’ langsung ditambahkan ‘d’
e.g: like liked fade faded
love loved hate hated
Aturan perubahan ‘Additional infinitive’
1.Verb yang berakhiran : ss,ch,sh,x,o.menggunakan ‘es’
e.g : kiss kisses wash washes box boxes
watch watches go goes do does
2.Verb yang berakhiran ‘Y’ ,dan didahului konsonan (huruf mati)
Y dirubah menjadi I ,dan + es
e.g: cry cries study studies
fly flies try tries
3.Verb yang berakhiran ‘Y’ ,dan didahului huruf vocal (huruf hidup) + S
e.g: buy buys play plays
4.Verb yang tidak termasuk aturan diatas,langsung ditambahkan ‘S’
e.g: sit sits see sees
eat eats clean cleans
Aturan perubahan Present participle
1.Verb yang mempunyai satu suku kata yang berakhiran konsonan,dan didahului oleh satu huruf vocal.maka.huruf terakhir digandakan.
e.g: stop stopping sit sitting jog jogging
atau untuk dua suku kata ,tapi dengan pengucapan yang ditekankan di tengah.maka,digandakan.
e.g: forget forgetting begin beginning
2.Verb yang berakhiran satu ‘e’.maka,’e’ nya dibuang ,dan ditambahkan ‘ing’
Eg.:love loving hate hating
‘e’ didahului huruf ‘I’,maka huruf ‘I’ diganti ‘Y’
E.g: lie lying die dying
Untuk double vocal,langsung ditambahkan ‘ing’
e.g: shoe shoing flee fleeing see seeing
pengecualian untuk huruf yang berakhiran: w,x,y tidak boleh digandakan
e.g: flow flowing fix fixing buy buying
3.Verb yang satu suku kata,dan berakhiran konsonan,dan didahului dua huruf vocal.maka.langsung ditambahkan ‘ing’
e.g: rain raining dream dreaming bear bearing
Bare inf AI past tense Past part Pre.p
Walk walks walked walked walking
Try
Bear born
Swear
Do
Have Has
Go going
Hit
See
catch
Be is,am,are
Scratch scratched
fry
tie
push
speak
smoke
express expressed
mix
shop
take pour type pray stop
Verb
Function (fungsi)
Aux (Auxiliarry) Ord (ordinary) (Kata kerja utama)
Kata kerja Bantu (membantu ordinary)
Bi Bare inf (berdiri sendiri)
e.g: I go
Modal + Bi
Primary Aux Modal Aux e.g: Iwill go
Be (is,am,are) been,being will,shall,
Have,has,had would,should
Do,does,did Ai (berdiri sendiri)
e.g : she goes to bali
Past tense
e.g: she went to bali
Pp (past participle)
Have + Pp e.g: they have gone
Be + Pp = (passive)
e.g: a book is bought
Pres.p (Be + Pres.p)
e.g: Cloud is bringing a materia
be + Pres.p
Penjelasan & pemahaman fungsi dari sebuah Verb
Hmm…kalau sebelumnya kita sudah membahas tentang jenis-jenis perubahan verb yang mempunyai 4 bentuk.sekarang kita akan membahas tentang fungsi-fungsi nya.
Pertama-tama fungsi yang akan kita bahas dimulai dari fungsi verb itu sendiri. Verb mempunyai dua fungsi yaitu sebagai Auxiliarry ,dan Ordinary.pengertian Auxiliarry itu sendiri adalah kata kerja yang membantu kehadiran Ordinary dalam pembentukan tenses.
Aux dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu Primary Auxiliarry,dan modal Auxiliarry.’lantas apa bedanya anatara primary aux ,dan modal aux ?’mungkin pertanyaan itu yang kan terbesit dari kawan sekalian.
Sebenarnya,yang membedakan adalah kalau primary auxiliarry,yang anggotanya bisa kita lihat dibagan,bisa menjadi V ord(kata kerja utama dalam sebuah kalimat),dan suatu waktu bisa juga menjadi aux (kata kerja bantu).gampangnya coba kita lihat contoh.
menjadi Vord I am a dreamer
He is being lazy
Primary aux Tifa has a Cloud’s sword Hirata did the homework
menjadi Vaux
I am watching TV
He had been being watched
Had Cloud called Tifa ?
Does ferguson drink wedang jahe ?
Coba kalian lihat contoh diatas ,dan tentukan saat primary aux yang menjadi
Vord/ Vaux.untuk anggota primary aux Have,Has,Had,Do,Does,Did.mereka menjadi Vaux ketika menjadi kalimat Tanya.
Perbedaan nya modal auxiliary dengan primary aux adalah kalau modal auxiliary selamanya menjadi V aux (kata kerja Bantu).
perhatikan anggota modal aux yang selalu menjadi aux e.g: I will learn
e.g: they would go
e.g: we shall cook
e.g: I should tell
Verb ordinary,seperti yang bisa kita lihat di bagan dimana verb ord mempunyai 7 fungsi.yang pertama adalah Verb ord yang berupa Bi dalam tenses simple present,dan yang kedua dalam tenses future.dimana JIKA SETELAH Modal Aux harus berupa Bi (Bare infinitive).
E.g: she would went she would go
Modal + Bi
3,penggunaan V ord yang berupa additional infinitive dalam tenses simple present jika subject nya berupa He,She,It.
E.g: peter checz catches the ball.
S + V(Ai)
Subject nya dia (laki-laki)/He.
4.Verb ord bisa berupa Pt (Past tense)/ V 2,dan berfungsi dalam kalimat yang menngunakan tenses simple past (lihat contoh nya di bagan).
5.Verb ord yang berupa Pp (past participle)/V3 mempunyai dua fungsi.yang pertama yaitu pada kalimat yang menggunakan tenses perfect.jadi,ketika setelah Have,Has,Had Verb ordinary nya harus berupa Pp.
e.g: laluna has sing a nice song laluna has sung a nice song
has + Pp
6.Verb ord yang berupa Pp dapat berfungsi dalam kalimat Passive.jadi,ketika ingin menulis kalimat passive.maka, harus menggunakan pola ini: Be + Pp
e.g: dhudutz is sung a nice song by laluna
be + Pp
7.Verb ord yang berupa Pres.p (present participle)/Ving mempunyai pola Bi + ing ,dan berfungsi pada kalimat yang menggunakan tenses continuous (sedang berlangsung).jadi,ketika ingin menulis kalimat yang menggunakan tenses continuous.maka,gunakanlah pola tersebut.
e.g: She is turn around she is turning around.
Be + pres.p
Kesimpulan yang harus kalian ingat,&pahami ok!!
Have,Has,Had + Pp
Be (is,am,are,was,were) + Pp (passive)
+ Pres.p (continuous)
Modal aux + Bi (future)
Penjelasan
1.fitri will be beautiful.
Aux ordinary Be: asalnya primary auxiliary,dan menjadi V ord ketika tidak ada V ord yang asli.
2.Wahyu will have a car.
aux ‘Have’ asalnya : primary aux karena setelah setelah ‘Have tidak ada kata kerja lagi .maka, have menjadi V ord
3ahmed does a job.
Primary aux yang menjadi V ord karena satu-satunya kata kerja yang ada.
Jangan lupa perhatikan ‘Will’ yang tetap menjadi aux selamanya menjadi kata kerja Bantu.disebut (Modal auxiliarry).
Exercise 4.
Analisa lah bentuk kata kerja yang salah.
Contoh: should has are eat should have been eaten /eating
setelah modal harus Bi setelah be harus Pp/ pres.p
setelah have harus Pp.
1.Will has go = 8.is fly =
2.had drinks = 9.had was hang =
3.Would has is teaches = 10.are shook =
4.were rides = 11.will has were writes =
5.was grinds = 12.should is buy =
6.shall are sells = 13.would have be feed =
7.will walked = 14.shall has trying =
Verb
Objective case (kebutuhan akan object)
With object mono transitive (hanya butuh satu object)
(transitive) e.g: Taliban wear a grey veil.
Subj + Mvt + Object
Ditransitive (membutuhkan dua object)
Pola Dvt (ditransitive verb) : Subject + Dvt + Io + Do
Subject + Dvt + Do for/to + Io
e.g: mother gives me a mysterious gift.
Subj + Dvt + Io + Do
e.g: mother gives a mysterious gift for/to me.
Subj + Dvt + Do for/to + Io
Without object complete (lengkap) sudah bisa dipahami tanpa object
(Intransitive) e.g: the fifth Hokage sits
Incomplete / linking Verb (tidak lengkap)
belum bisa dipahami secara makna,maupun arti -
sampai hadirnya Cs (complement of subject) pelengkap subject.
e.g: mourinho feels excited
subj + Lv + Cs
Penjelasan & pemahaman dari sebuah kebutuhan Verb akan object
Setelah kita membahas tentang Verb dari segi bentuk dan fungsi,sekarang kita akan coba memahami bahwa ada sebuah kebutuhan object dari sebuah Verb.pertam-tama dari kebutuhan verb akan object itu sendiri ada dua,yaitu ada verb yang membutuhkan object,atau bahasa keren nya with object,dan kita sebut Vt (verb transitive) dan yang tidak membutuhkan object/without object disebut verb intransitive.
Sekarang kita membahas verb yang membutuhkan object terlebih dahulu yaitu ‘Vt’.
dari verb transitive itu sendiri ada yang membutuhkan hanya satu object (monotransitive),tapi yang lebih ditekankan dari pemahaman materi kali ini adalah pengertian bahwa ada verb yang disebut certain verb ditransitive (kata kerja ditransitive tertentu )yang membutuhkan dua object.dimana object nya disebut Io (indirect object/object tidak langsung),dan Do (direct object/object langsung).
pola Dvt (ditransitive verb) yang bisa kalian lihat di bagan menunjukkan bahwa susunan object nya dapat diubah-ubah.dengan syarat jika yang jatuh setelah verb nya yaitu Do nya dahulu.maka, harus menggunakan preposisi for/to.(lihat contoh).
Tips untuk mengetahui yang mana Direct object (object langsung) adalah dengan melihat object yang paling dekat dengan subject nya.pada contoh yang diberikan yang paling dekat dengan subject adalah ‘a mysterious gift’,artian yang paling dekat disini adalah yang dipegang oleh si pelakunya.
Mau sebanyak apapun,objectnya tetap hanya ada dianggap dua yaitu Do (direct object)dan Io (indirect object).
e.g : that old lady sell a computer,skateboard,mirror,and violin-
subject + Dvt + Do (direct object)
to a young man.
Io (indirect object)
Notes:
jika Dvt (ditransitive) bisa menggunakan hanya satu object saja,tapi kalau Mvt (mono transitive) hanya bisa menggunakan satu object.
Vi (Verb intransitive) dibagi menjadi dua jenis.yaitu ada yang disebut complete (lengkap),dan Incomplete (tidak lengkap) yang disebut Lv (Linking Verb).pengertian Verb intransitive jenis yang pertama,complete,adalah hanya verb intransitive yang membutuhkan Adverb (kata keterangan).dari segi makna Vi complete sudah cukup jelas.
Eg.: joe black sits e.g: joe black sits on a chair
Subj + Vi subj + Vi + Adv
Jika ingin lebih jelas dari segi makna
boleh dikasih Adv
Verb incomplete,Linking Verb,adalah verb yang belum cukup jelas dari segi makna.maka untuk memperjelas makna dibutuhkan/didatangkan yang namanya Complement of subject (pelengkap si subject).
e.g : Saito keeps e.g; Saito keeps quite
subj + Lv subj + Lv + Cs
penjelasan 1 : mudahnya kita artikan saja ke bahasa Indonesia.menjadi ‘Saito tetap’.karena kita tidak cukup mengerti apa yang dimaksud maka didatangkan Cs (Complement of subject) untuk melengkapi si subject menjadi ‘Saito tetap diam’.
e.g: the pianist is him eg: the pianist is he
subj + Lv + Cs (Complement of subject)
karena secara logika Cs (Complement of subject) didatangkan agar supaya melengkapi makna kepada subject.maka,yang dibutuhkan dalam contoh diatas adalah Cs yang berupa subject,yaitu ‘he’.bukan ‘him’ yang fungsinya berada di object.
Verb
Semantic case (kebutuhan makna)
Dynamic : definisi Verb dynamic adalah kata kerja yang menunjukkan/bisa dilihat sebuah aktifitas di dalam nya.
e.g: eat,sleep play,sit,read,study,go,punch,type,swim,kick,summon.etc…
Stative : definisinya Verb stative adalah kata kerja yang menggambarkan keadaan/kondisi.
e.g: feel,hate,miss,think,imagine,love,remember,understand,forget.etc...
daftar Certain ‘Ditransitive Verb’
yang harus kalian tahu.(lebih baik lagi kalau dihafal ^_^)
1.Ask 14.play
2.Buy 15.promise
3.bring 16.read
4.Cost 17.refuse
5.Get 18.say
6.Give 19.sing
7.Lend 20.send
8.Leave 21.show
9.Make 22.sell
10.Owe 23.take
11.Offer 24.teach
12.Pass 25.tell
13.Pay 26.write
27.wish
Perhatikan kebutuhan makna dari sebuah kata kerja.
verbal david gets a glass. (mengambilkan)
Eg:get
Nominal David gets angry. (menjadi)
Daftar Lingking verb
Verb yang menghubungkan antara complement of subject dengan subjectnya
1. appear (nampak)
2. be (is,am,are,was,were,been,being)
3. become (menjadi)
4. feel (merasa)
5. get (menjadi)
6. grow (menjadi)
7. keep (menjaga)
8. look (kelihatannya)
9. prove (terbukti)
10. remain (tetap)
11. stay (tetap)
12. smell (baunya)
13. sound (kedengarannya)
14. seem (tampaknya)
15. taste (rasanya)
16. turn (menjadi)
17. disappear (menghilang)
tips: pastikan kelas katanya adalah Adjective (kata sifat) jika ada anggota lingking verb karena mensifati yang ingin dijelaskan.apapun itu yang menempati posisi complement of subject meski dia asalnya adalah noun/noun phrase.
Eg: I am a doctor
Jika kita melihat kelas kata dari kamus ,maka ‘doctor’ berkelas kata noun,tapi karena telah menempati posisi Cs ,jadi dia berkelas kata Adj.
Notes:semua anggota lingking verb Cs nya harus bertemu/berupa Adjective murni kecuali be,become,turn,remain yang dimaksud dengan adjective murni adalah asal muasal dari kamus.
Eg: she becomes a writer./she becomes preety.
Sutanto megaranto remains a kind player/sutanto megaranto remains calm.
Lara turns a bad boy/lara turns nice.
You are a diligent student/you are beautiful.
Sentence structure
Pola bahasa Indonesia
S P O K
(Subyek) (predikat) (obyek) (keterangan)
Verbal (kalimat yang predikatnya menandakan aktifitas)
Eg: saya makan nasi kemarin malam
S p o k
Nominal (kalimat yang predikatnya menandakan suatu keadaan)
Eg: saya marah
s p (predikatnya berupa kata sifat)
saya seorang pelatih tahun lalu
s p k
(predikatnya berupa kata benda)
Mereka disini
s p (predikatnya berupa kata keterangan tempat)
dalam kalimat verbal bahasa Indonesia predikatnya berupa kata kerja
Jika pada kalimat nominal bahasa Indonesia predikatnya bisa berupa- kata sifat,kata benda,dan kata keterangan.
Pola bahasa inggris
S V O A
(subject) (verb) (object) (adverb)
Verbal (kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya menandakan aktifitas/kegiatan)
Eg: I ate fish yesterday
s v o adv
That arrogant leader punch the tree.
s v o
Nominal (kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya menandakan suatu keadaan dan berupa be (is,am,are)dan anggota lingking verb)
Eg: she was a pianist last year.
s v cs adv of time
I am cute.
s v cs
They are here.
s v cs
dian becomes a doctor
s lv cs
Nominal: “verb ordinary berupa be dan keluarga nya lingking verb”.pastikan kalimat nominal mempunyai complement of subject.
Vebal: kalimat yang verb ordinary nya selain be dan angotanya lingking verb.
Exercise 5
Tentukanlah kalimat ini verbal atau nominal.
Tips:
Analisa verb ordinary nya (kata kerja utama nya) untuk mengetahui jenis kalimatnya.
Zahra will have been beaten.
1. fitri would have been in france.
2. nova shall be diet.
3. friska will shot the ducks.
4. the expert coach coaches an athlete.
5. my uncle keep young.
6. that old computer was my collection.
7. Sony Erricson launched the latest product.
8. aerosmith feels fine.
9. I will have been finishing the famous book tomorrow.
10. Sakti wore a nice glasses.
11. How to win friends and influence them remains a best seller until now.
12. Air Asia delayed the schedule for the second time.
13. they are nice person.
14. your girlfriend keeps silent.
15. orang utan is an endemic species.
16. the announcer announced the announcement.
17. before Erwin gutawa composed the spectacular composition,he discussed it with his wife.
18. the Celestine phropecy is a usefull book.
19. Ratih becomes a tough woman after she climbed all the mountain in the world.
20. edensor has given many inspiration to everybody.
Bab 4
Tujuan bab
Pemahaman tenses&pengguanaannya.
Negative dan introgative.
Non progressive dan progressive verb.
Nominal sentences.
Perubahan kalimat active ke passive.
Tenses
Def: perubahan kata kerja berdasarkan waktu,suatu perisitiwa/kejadian.
Time/waktu: present(sekarang)
Past (lampau)
Future (masa depan)
Past future (masa depan yang akan terjadi pada waktulampau)
Event/kejadian: simple (kebiasaan)
Continous (sedang berlangsung)
Perfect (sudah dikerjakan)
Perfect continuous (sudah dikerjakan namun masih berlangsung)
Panduan+latihannya nya rek!!!
Event simple continuous perfect perf cont
Be+pres p(v ing) have/has +pp(v3) have been Time + pres p
Present : bi/ai bi/ai is,am,are+ pres p have/has+pp have/has been+ pp
Past: past tense was,were+ pres p had + pp had been (v2) (v ing) (v3) pres p
(Past tense)
Future:
Will/shall will/shall + be will/shall+be+ will/shall have +pp will/shall
+be Pres p have been +pres p
Past future: would/should +be would/should +be would/should would/
Would/should +pres p have + pp should be have been + pres p
Exercise 6.
Buat lah kalimat dengan jenis-jenis tenses,yang jumlahnya 16,dari kata kerja berikut ini.
1. go (simple present)
2. try (simple present continuous)
3. feed (present perfect)
4. nap (present perfect continuous)
5. sleep (simple future)
6. hit (future continuous)
7. punch (future perfect)
8. type (future perfect continuous)
9. watch (simple past)
10. read (past continuous)
11. sing (past perfect)
12. play (past perfect continuous)
13. sit (past future)
14. angry (past future perfect)
15. kiss (past future perfect continuous)
16. kick (past future perfect continuous)
17. *realize (present continuous)
jika ingin membuat tulisan dengan jenis tenses tertentu,cobalah untuk pahami kalau setiap tenses punya sesuatu yang identik.contoh nya jika ingin menulis dengan past future perfect continuous.tinggal perhatikan bahwa tenses past identik dengan bentuk verb yang ke dua,future identik dengan will/shall(ingatlah penggunaan shall hanya bisa dipakai untuk subjectnya yang I&we),perfect identik dengan have + past participle/v3,dan continuous identik dengan present participle (verb ing)
kalimat negative -)&introgative (?),dan negative introgative (-?)
( ) : letakkan kata ‘not’ setelah kata kerja yang pertama.
e.g: Bob Sadino will have been publishing his book next year.
e.g: Bob Sadino will not have been publishing his book next year.
( ? ) : taruh kata kerja yang pertama pada awal kalimat.
e.g: Jose Mourinho stop coaching Chelsea after his conflict with Abrahamovic.
e.g: will Jose morinho stop coaching Chelsea after his conflict with his Abrahammovic?
( ? ): pindahkan kata kerja yang pertama dalam kalimat,dan taruh negative ‘not’ nya setelah kata kerja yang pertama/setelah subject.
e.g: that luxurious car will be sold soon.
e.g: won’t(will not) that luxurious car be sold soon?
e.g: will that luxurious car not be sold soon?
Hasn’t (has not)
Didn’t(did not)
Won’t(will not)
Shan’t(shall not)
Am not (-----)
Exercise 7
Ubahlah kalimat poitif ini menjadi kalimat negative/introgative/negative introgative.
1. shania feels naive. (?)
2. utami is a sanguine girl. (-)
3. hasan cried. (? -)
4. she goes to school every morning. (?)
5. we bring an English dictionary for you. (-)
6. you read a Trubus magazine. (-)
7. I usually meet Zahra before she goes to school. (?)
8. my kind mother cooks the delicious for dinner. (-)
9. adi will not have been quit. (?)
10. Naruto was a best seller manga. (-?)
11. you’ll get so much usefull inspiration if tou read Dunia sophie. (-)
12. they are discussing the confusing problem. (-)
13. it is dancing on the table. (-)
14. you and I is a soulmate. (-?)
15. a fat boy sees a thin girl on the street when he want to cross the street. (?)
16. I’m telling you a nice story. (-)
17. rud van nistlerooy moved to Madrid. (-?)
18. I like lasagna. (-)
19. Banana visits his girlfriend three times a day. (-?)
20. he has good talent in cello. (?)
21. her aunt is sweeping the roof. (-)
22. J.k rowling was an ordinary housewife before she becomes famous. (-?)
23. Margonda is more crowded than last year. (?)
24. a naughty child is sleeping. (-)
25. sheila’s song sounds so nice. (-?)
26. Janji joni features an impolite scenes. (-?)
27. habib is a comedian. (-)
28. I have washed my cycle. (?)
29. Wind struck had ever been a great movie. (-)
A.’’non progressive verbs’’
Non progressive.
Jika kawan sekalian sudah memahami bagaimana menulis dengan jenis-jenis tenses yang sebelumnya sudah kalian pelajari,sekarang waktunya mengetahui bahwa ada beberapa verb (kata kerja) yang tidak bisa di progressivekan ( continuous).karena beberapa verb ini tidak digunakan dalam jenis tenses continuous apapun.merekahanya menggambarkan suatu keadaan bukan menyatakan suatu aktifitas apapun yang sedang berlangsung.
e.g: Habib has known this English grammatical srutucture well.
v
Dalam setiap kalimat yang harus kita perhatikan adalah verbnya.jadi,jika ada perintah dalam kasus soal yang menggunakan non progressive verb,maka ia tidak bisa di progressivekan/di continuous kan. Contoh kalimat diatas mengguanakan tenses present perfect dan jika diinginkan oleh soal untuk dirubah kedalam bentuk tenses apapun yang berbau continuous,sangat jelas ia tidak bisa.
E.g: Habib will be knowing this English grammatical sturucture well.
e.g: Habib will know this English grammatical structure well.
Notes: jika dalam suatu kalimat menggunakan non preogresssive verb dan sudah jelas ia tidak bisa di progressivekan,maka tensesnya di mundurkan satu langkah.
a.Mental state. b.Emotional state c.Possesion
1. know 1.love 1posses
2. realize 2.like 2.have *
3. understand 3.aprecciate 3.belong
4. recognize 4.hate 4.own
5. believe 5dislike
6. feel 6.fear d.Sense perception
7. suppose 7.envy 1.taste*
8. think* 8.mind 2.smell*
9. imagine 9care 3.hear
10. doubt 4.feel*
11. remember e.Other existing state 5.see*
12. forget 1.seem
13. want 2.look*
14. need 3.appear*
15. prefer 4cost
16. mean 5owe
6weight*
7.be
8.exist
9.consist of
10.contain
11.include
Jika sudah memahami bahwa ada verb-verb tertentu yang tidak bisa di progressivekan,maka sekarang waktunya kalian memperhatikan tanda bintang yang ada pada beberapa verb non progressive.Verb yang ditandai asterisk(tanda bintang) berikut menandakan bahwa mereka termasuk dalam anggota verb non progressive dan progressive juga.artinya mereka bisa di continuouskan dan juga tidak.Semua itu tergantung kebutuhan makna(semantic case)
Progressive & non progressive verb
a.non progressive
1.think eg: I think he is a kind man.
2.have eg: Ata has a car.
3.taste e.g: this soup tastes nice.
4.smell e.g: those flowers smells sweet.
5.see e.g: we see butterfly.
6.feel e.g: this cat’s fur feels soft.
7.look e.g: she looks cold.
8.appear e.g: my sister appears to be asleep.
9.weigh e.g: a grand weighs a lot.
10.be e.g: Casey Stoner is happy.
b.Progressive verb
1.I am thinking about this grammar.
2.I am having a trouble.
3.the chef is tasting that soup.
4.jane is smeeling the flower.
5.that doctor is seeing a patient.
6.Elmo is feeling the cat’s fur.
7. .I am looking out the window.
8. the actor is appearing on the stage.
9 the butcher is weighing that meat.
10.Casey Stoner is being happy.
Exercise 8
Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat ini kedalam tenses yang diinginkan oleh soal dan perhatikan kalimat yang menggunakan verb non progressive ataupun yang bisa keduanya jika bisa keduanya maka bergantung pada sebuah kebutuhan makna.
1. the france class begins at 8.00 pm
( simple.past) :
( future.perf) :
2. he drew a car.
( present.perf) :
(future.perf.cont) :
3. Thomas paint a house.
( future.perf ) :
(pres.cont) :
4. james imagined himself as a rich man.
(future.cont) :
(present.perf.) :
5. the grandious car looks so nice.
(past.cont) :
(simple future) :
6. Tanya will have been sleeping.
(past perf) :
(future.perf) :
7when you smell the coffee,you will know the taste of it.
(perfect cont) :
(past perf) :
8. Coffee robusta smells nice.
(future cont ? ) :
(present perfect) :
9. Ana’s weigh is 50 kg.
(past perfect) :
(present cont) :
10. Ana weighed a 10 kg banana.
(future perfect cont ? ) :
(future perf) :
11. the students forget the homework.
(past continuous) :
(simple future - ) :
12. she had a nice breakfast.
(past perfect) :
(present cont) :
13. my sister appears so pale.
(present perfect) :
(past continuous) :
14. my sister appears on the stage.
(future continuous) :
(past perfect ?) :
15. Arjen robben is a left wing player.
(simple future ? ) :
(future continuous ) :
16. she seems scare.
(present perfect) :
(past continuous) :
17. Habib understands the lessons.
(future continuous ? ) :
(present perfect) :
18. your grand mother looks tired.
(future perfect) :
(future perfect continuous) :
19.The director looked for the book.
(present continuous) :
(past continuous ):
20.Sasuke has a new cycle.
(simple future ? ) :
(future perfect) :
Nominal
Dalam pembahasan kali ini,kita akan membahas jenis kalimat yang ada dua yaitu verbal dan nominal.kita sudah mengetahui kalau kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang menggambarkan suatu aktifitas dan dapat di progressivekan
Jika verb ordinarynya tidak ternasuk non progressive verb,tetapi dalam kalimat nominal jika ingin di progressivekan/continuous harus mempunyai syarat yaitu subject (pelaku dalam kalimatnya ) harus berupa orang,mempunyai kata kerja utamanya Is,am,are dan bertemu 28 Certain adjectives (kata-kata sifat tertentu yang jumlahnya ada 28) karena makna progressive dalam kalimat nominal yang di progressivekan mempunyai makna ‘berpura-pura’,jadi dalam kalimat nominal tidak dapat di continuouskan jadi harus di verbalkan dulu baru bisa di continuouskan.
1.e.g: Slamet has been kind.
(present continuous) eg : Sakura is being kind.
subjectnya orang + 28 C.a (certain adjective)
2.e.g : the building is so quiet.
e.g : the building will be being so quiet. The building will be so quiet.
(future continuous)
Meski bertemu 28 Ca namun subjectnya bukan person(orang) jadi tidak bisa di continuouskan.
e.g :they have been the good actor.
S Cs
e.g : they will have been being a good actor.(future perfect continuous)
karena complement of subjectnya kembali ke they,maka subject didalam kalimat disini adalah person dan bertemu 28 Ca jadi dapat di progressivekan.
28 certain adjective
1.bad 15.loud
2.carefull. 16.nice
3.cruel. 17.noisy
4.fair 18.patient
5.foolish 19.pleasant
6.funny 20.polite
7.generous 21.quiet
8.good 22.responsible
9.illogical 23.rude
10.impolite 24.serious
11.irresponsible 25.silly
12.kind 26.unfair
13.lazy 27.unkind
14.logicall 28.unpleasant
Exercise 9
Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat nominal & verbal tersebut ke dalam bentuk tenses-tenses yang diinginkan oleh soal.
1.Tanya is foolish at the stage.
( f.c ?) :
( f. pf - ) :
3. the aikido class begins at 7 0’clock.
( s.ps ) :
( f.pf ) :
4. he is lazy.
( pr.pf ) :
( f.pf.c )
5.hasan will play counter strike.
(pr .c ) :
( ps.pf ) :
6.my friends were noisy.
( pr.c ) :
(pr.pf.c ) :
7. my pal would hit my foe.
( f.c ) :
(ps.f.pf) :
8. a crocodile bit me behind your park.
( pr.pf ) :
(ps.c ) :
9. she was so patient.
( ps.f.pf ) :
( ps c? ) :
10. my uncle was driving the motorcycle carefully.
( ps.pf ) :
( ps.f.c ) :
11. the institution is not responsible.
( f.pf.) :
( pr.pf.c) :
12.Hasan has been so unfair when playing Gunbound.
(ps.pf.c) :
(pf.c):
13.the three fell down because of the storm.
(ps.f.pf ) :
(pr.c) :
14 .the lasagna is nice.
(f.c ? ) :
( pf.c ) :
15.your friend knew your dirty little secret.
( pf.c ) :
( ps.f.pf ) :
16.I would see your sister in her school.
( pr.pf ) :
(s.ps ) :
17.your sister will be patient when you study together with her.
( f.pf.c ) :
( pf .c ) :
18.a thief has stolen my precious things.
( ps.c ) :
(ps.f.pf ) :
19. I won’t betray him.
( f.pf.c ) :
( s.ps ) :
20. his teacher was so illogical.
( ps.f.c ? ) :
Pf.c ) :
21. we must win this game.
( pr.pf ) :
( s.ps ) :
22. she always notices you when you study.
( pr.pf ?) :
( f.c ) :
23. his land lady is responsible.
( ps.c ) :
(f.pf.c ) :
24.Jane brought a novel for his sister.
(s.f ? ) :
( f.c ) :
24. wolverine is the strongest character among the others.
( pr.c ? ) :
(f.c ) :
25. Mariah carey has pure voice.
( s.f ) :
( s.pf ) :
25. Jun Ji Hyun becomes a famous actress after she play in Wind struck movie.
( ps.pf ) :
(s.pf.c ) :
26. Babel was a great movie.
( ps.f ? ) :
( pr.pf ) :
26. we will quit from smoking.
(s.f ? - ) :
( pf.c ? ) :
27. her voice sounds so good.
( pr.c ) :
( pf.c ) :
27. your girlfriend is so funny.
( f.c ? ) :
( f.pf.c ) :
28. the song sounds so bad.
( f.c ) :
(ps.pf - ) :
29. I am eagerly genereous.
( ps.c ? ) :
(f.c - ) :
30*. that Ferarri has just been bought by me.
( pr.pf ) :
( f.c ) :
Active to Passive
Voice active voice :
Kalimat yang subjectnya melakukan ‘aktifitas’ dari kata kerja.
e.g : Buffon catches the ball.
S v o
Passive voice :
Kalimat yang subjectnya tidak melakukan aktifitas dari kata kerja melainkan dikenai pekerjaan.
e.g : the ball is catched by Buffon.
S v adv
Perubahan active ke passive & syarat-syaratnya.
1.kalimat passive mempunyai pola be + pp (past participle/v3)
2.dalam kalimat passive yang bisa di progressivekan hanya tenses present continuous & past continuous.
3.object dalam kalimat active menjadi subject dalam kalimat passive.
4.subject dalam kalimat active menjadi adverb dalam kalimat passive dengan menambahkan ‘by’ bila pelaku jelas atau bukan pekerjaan si pelaku.
5.verb intransitive selamanya active voice.
6. ingatlah bahwa dalam kalimat passive subject yang pekerjaanya sudah cukup jelas,tidak jelas/umum tidak boleh dijelaskan kembali.
General job :
1. teacher 6.director
2. dentist 7.someone
3. seller 8.somebody
4. singer 9.anybody
5. writer 10.anyone
e.g : someone took the money.
e.g : the money was taken by someone. (peletakkan subject yang menjadi adverb dalam kalimat passive seperti ini tidak perlu/salah karena pelaku tidak jelas maka tidak perlu ditulis kembali pelakunya)
e.g : my teacher is teaching an English lesson to me.
e..g: an English lesson is being teached to me by my teacher. (karena sudah jelas kalau seorang guru pekerjaanya adalah mengajar jadi tidak perlu di jelaskan kembali)
e.g : the teacher brings a newspaper to me.
e.g : a newspaper is borught a newspaper to me by the teacher.
Dalam kalimat passive ada yang disebut dengan Stative voice,yaitu kalimat yang tidak mengandung aktifitas dengan verb non progressive didalamnya (stative)dan terkadang mempunyai pola passive,jadi tidak bisa di passivekan.
e.g : the door was locked.
e.g : the boy is lost.
e.g : the girl knows habib well. Semua kalimat ini adalah contoh dari
e.g : I have a novel. Stative voice jadi tidak bisa di e.g : A novel is belonged to me. Passivekan karena mengandung aktifitas.
exercise 10
rubahlah kalimat-kalimat aktif ini menjadi kalimat passive.
1. Sakti would bind Izet’s hand behind him.
(ps.pf.c) :
( pr.c ? ) :
2. they flung joan into the jail.
(f.pf.c ) :
(ps.c - ) :
3. you didn’t notice me when I explained the lessons.
(ps.pf.c ? ) :
(s.pr - ? ) :
4.the seller sold the cheap gadget to you.
(f.c - ) :
( ps .pf.c) :
4. Joan of arc is a controversial movie.
( f.c ? ) :
( ps.pf ) :
5. Frank Lampard kicked the ball in penalty.
(ps.pf.c) :
(f.c ? ) :
6.that football manager managed his team that they are not to get emotional easily.
( f.pf ) :
( pr.c ) :
6. Cloud slashses the sword.
( f.c ) :
(ps.pf.c) :
7. Tifa get those materia.
(s.ps ?) :
(pr.c ) :
8. my girl tore the letter.
( f.pf.c ? - ) :
( ps.f.c ) :
9. Steven Spielberg directed the Jurrasic Park movie.
( ps.pf ) :
( f.c ) :
10. robert kyosaki has created the famous book.
( ps.f.c ? ) :
(pr.pf ) :
11. somebody has given me money.
(pr.c ? ) :
( ps.pf ) :
12.I eat meat ball.
(pr.c) :
(f.pf) ;
13.Anto sings a song to Ana.
(ps.f) :
(pr.c) :
Bab 5
Tujuan bab
Pemahaman verb form (bentuk-bentuk verb)
Noun
Pronoun
Antecedent
Adverb
Untuk mengetahui kebutuhan kalimat akan verb secara benar,kita harus mengetahui bentuk-bentuk verb itu sendiri.maka dalam penanda waktu dibawah ini akan membantu kalian untuk menentukan bentu-bentuk verb seperti apa yang dibutuhkan dalam sebuah kalimat.
time signal.
1. simple past. 2.Simple future 3.simple present
Yesterday next year everyday
Last month tomorrow always/usually
3 days ago tonight never
This morning the day after today often
Three weeks later sometimes
4.present continuous rarely
Now seldom
Right now lately
At this time ever
At the present recently
At the moment
nowadays
exercise 11
rubahlah verb-verb berikut ini kedalam form (bentuk) yang diinginkan oleh soal.
Tips: V + O = Active
V + O = Pasive
Vi = Active
1. Hasan (not,hide ) the food tomorrow.
2. jane grey (laugh ) at this time.
3. those goose (not catch ) next week.
4. the girl (arrive) at the airport yesterday.
5. they (never,wear) that new cloth.
6. the house (build) at this moment.
7. Alexander (not,take ) to the hospital last night.
8. Aerosmith (stand ) in front of the class now.
9. Daisy ( not,beat) tomorrow.
10. meet joe black ( famous ) next season.
11. the thief (stay) in the corner last Sunday.
12. his dirty shirt ( rid ) ata the moment.
13. he ( give ) his brother a suede jacket in the last winter.
14. the people ( be,not ) responsible now.
15. Alien vs Predator ( be ) spectacular movie next year.
16. marrron 5 ( dwell,sometimes )in my house.
17. our homework (do) two hours ago.
18. my friends (be ) under the tree at the present.
19. my mother (forget) his promise last month.
20. we (have) dinner three hours later.
21. the coach (always,know) the rule.
22. that okd building (overthrow) this morning.
23. their cat (lie,usually) on the grass.
Noun
Def : kata yang digunakan untuk menamai suatu benda abstrak maupun konkrit.
e.g Abstract noun: Air,Wind,Love,Happiness.
e.g Concrete noun: Table,Book,Pen,Cloth,Gum.
Position : Dalam noun phrase sebagai modifier & Head.
e.g: flower garden,Japanese magazine
Dalam sentence (kalimat)
Subject : of Verb : Arjen Robben is a left wing player.
of complement : Jose Mourinho remains a coach.
Object : of verb transitive : Fergie changed the player.
of preposition : Morientes comes with Penant.
Quantity: Countable Plural: (Cpl) e.g: pen
Singular ( Csing ) e.g: pens
Uncountable : Blood,Water,Sugar,Money,Air,Sand,Rice
noun marker (penanda Noun ) : Article A Csing (suara consonant)
An Csing (suara Vowel )
The : bebas penggunaanya (makna yang lebih spesifik) Sing,Plural,Count,Uncount
Demonstrative : This/These (Csing)
That/Those ( Cpl)
Quality : little Uncountable
Few Countable plural
Many Countable plural
Much Uncountable
Selalu ingatlah kalau noun singular (tunggal) tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa sebuah noun marker,tapi sebuah noun plural (jamak) bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa noun marker .
e.g : Book a book
e.g : Books/The books
exercise 12
gunakanlah subject yang sesuai dengan verbnya&bentuk verb yang tepat.
1. ( that/these ) can (was/were) being (shaked/shaken).
2. ijo and oji (are/is) (read) Laskar Pelangi.
3. (many/much) (news/newspaper) (has/have) (been/being) ( read/reading)
4. (little/many) children are famine.
5. children (has/have) their own imagination.
6. (few/many) people (don’t/doesn’t) feel comfort with (they are/their) mind.
7. Janji Joni (is/are) (published/publishing) successfully.
8. Jurassic Park will (have/has) been (released/releasing) soon.
9. English grammatical (is/are) easy enough.
10. (much/many) schools (is/are) profit oriented nowadays.
Possessive noun
Def: Tanda baca yang menyatakan kepemilikan
Penggunaan possessive noun.
1. noun yang tidak berakhiran dengan S = menggunakan Aposthrope s ’s
e.g : hatta’s sister
2.noun yang berkhiran dengan S = ‘s/ ’
(bisa menggunakan Aposthrope s atau hanya Aposthrope nya saja)
e.g: Agus’ cycle/ Agus’s cycle.
3. noun yang menggunakan S bentukan = ’
e.g : Girl’s shirt (singular) Girls’ shirt (karena plural maka menggunakan S bentukan jadi hanya bisa menggunakan Aposthrope.
Pronoun
Def : kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan nama sebuah benda.
position : in sentence as a subject of verb : Narnia (she) is a sweet girl.
of complement : a sweet girl is Narnia (she)
as an object of verb transtitive : Ahmed buy a toy ( it )
of prep : Ahmed buy it with his dog ( his)
kinds of pronoun
personal pronoun
pronoun possessive pronoun
subject object adj + N pronoun + N
I me my mine
You you your yours
They them their theirs
We us our ours
She her her hers
He him his his
It it its its*
*jarang dipakai.
Exercise 13
Gunakanlah pronoun & berikan Aposthrope ‘s’ dalam kalimat yang membutuhkannya dalam soal berikut ini dengan benar.
1.Andien will beat Wahyu with Eko and Hans.
2.my car is new.
3.you and I went to Dhika house by oji cycle.
4.the goose’s wings had been cut by the actress son.
5.your question will be answered by my girl’s teacher.
6.the pianist is Ata.
7.your money is my money.
8.saras house is being burnt now by the criminals.
9.my computer is old.
10.Dare Devil costume is designed by Adrian.
Antecedent
Def: tempat kembalinya pronoun kepada subject yang digantikan.
e.g : ronaldinho is injured after he has been kicked by the coach.
e.g: the red book,Laskar pelang,is mine.I always read it when I am alone.
Adverb
Def: kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan adj,adv,verb dan sentence.
Position : Dalam frase sebelum adjective & adv itu sendiri.
e.g: very beautifull,very slowly
Dalam kalimat initial (awal) Adv+S+V+O.
e.g : actually, eko loves dhika.
Medial (tengah) S+Adv+V+O.
e.g : Hasan usually eats boiled meat.
S+V+Adv+Cs
e.g : She is always polite.
S+Vaux+Adv+Vord+O
e.g : Dian does not eat Peanut.
Final (akhir)
S+V+O+Adv
e.g: Dhudutz kicked Ismail yesterday.
Catatan yang perlu diingat adalah mau sebanyak apapun Adv itu sendiri diperbolehkan,namun posisi yang haram ^_^untuk ditempati oleh Adv adalah memisahkan antara Verb transitive dengan Object.
e.g : I buy often fish at the traditional market.
Kinds of Adverb
1. Place and direction (tempat dan arah)
e.g: there,here,over here,right,left,straight etc..
2.Manner (cara)
e.g: slowly,fast,hard,quickly,carefully,carelessly etc..
3.Frequency (keseringan)
e.g : always,usually,often,sometimes,hardly,never,ever,lately etc..
4.Degree (tingkatan )
e.g : very,so,too,rather,quite,extremely etc..
5.Negation (penegas)
e.g : Not,no
6.Time Specific e.g : at 7.00 pm,at 10.am
General e.g : tomorrow,now,yesterday,on Sunday
Exercise 14
Gunakanlah Adverb atau Adjective dengan benar secara kebutuhan kalimat.
1. they will handle this problem (easy/easily)
2. Chelsea will fight an (easily/easy) Club on champion league tonight.
3. Schuman was (real/really) (happy/happily) when he create the (beautifully/beautifull )song.
4. Ellie Eboy always keeps the position very (good/well)
5. the train moves (fast/fastly)
6. a (patient/patiently) mother was waiting for her husband in the surgery room ( patient/patiently)
7. my tutor (unusual/unusually) looks (happy/happily) today.
8. He has (good/well) pronounciation.
9. He pronounces that words (good/well)
10. Alpacino play his role (charismaticly/charismatic)
11. His (clean/cleanly) car was washed (carefully/carefull)
12. we have (generally/general)agreed.
13. The (skillfull/skillfully) technique is practiced (persistence/presistencely)
14. Sillent hill will be released (soon/sonly)
15. my (love/lovely) sister (usual/usually) wears green shirt.
16. she (don’t/doesn’t)care with my problem.
17. I have been waiting you in here (patient/patiently)
18. happiness is (like/likely) a kiss.
19. her behaviour is (alike/like)with you.
20. Narnia is always (lately/late) (lately/late).
Bab 6
Tujuan bab
Pemahaman Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
Information question
Conjunction
Def : kata yang menghubungkan kalimat&kalimat,Clause&Clause,Phrase&prase,Kata& Kata,
Kinds : 1.Coordinative Conjunction ( Cc)/Compund Conjunction
Def: kata yang menghubungkan sesuatu yang setara/sama dalam posisi Subj&Subj,Verb&Verb,Obj&Obj,M+M,Head&Head,Adj&Adj,
Adv&Adv,Noun&Noun.
Kinds : For *(karena) e.g : Sheva is lazy,for his salary is cheap.
And (dan) e.g : Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana make new film.
Nor (juga tidak) e.g : Eko is handsome nor kind.
But (tetapi) e.g: I miss u but I hate u.
Or (atau) e.g: will Hasan choose The pianist or King Kong?
Yet* (tetapi) e.g: my mother is busy ,yet she comes.
So* (sehingga) e.g: Reza met a beautifull girl ,so he
crashed the trees.
*untuk penggunaan Cc for,yet,so hanya bisa digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat dan kalimat/Ic&Ic ,sehingga penggunaannya harus memakai koma.
2. *Subordinate Conjucntion ( Soc)
Def : kata yang hanya bisa menghubungkan antara kalimat&kalimat yang terdiri dari Main clause dan Sub clause.
Kinds :
Because (Karena)e.g : I am sad because you leave me.
After (setelah)e.g: After the rain fell down,the sky becomes bright blue. Although (meskipun)
e.g : James Blunt still sing a nice song although his is having shore throat.
Eventhough (meskipun)
e.g; Eventhough you are laughing,you are crying in your heart.
Whenever (kapanpun)e.g : Whenever you need me, I will come to you.
When (ketika)e.g: David will eat his food when the sun goes down.
Before (sebelum) e.g: I will eat that raw fish before you eat it.
*jika memakai Soc,maka ia menjadi complex sentence yang berbeda jenisnya dari penggunaan Cc yang menjadi Compund sentence.
e.g: a handsome boy and a preety girl are dancing. Compound sentence
e.g: a handsome boy is dancing before a preety girl dances. Complex sentence
Preposition
Def : kata yang meghubungkan antara Noun,pronoun ,Noun phrase dan menjadikan mereka sebagai Object of preposition.
Kinds : in,on,at, under,for,above, Because of,despite of,inspite of,due to,
Function in sentence as an Adverb
Ada beberpa kata yang bisa berkelas kata sebagai Conjunction &Preposition seperti,since,before,after,with,As,.etc…(cara mudahnya untuk mengetahui kelas katanya sebagai preposition adalah dengan melihat apakah ada noun,pronoun,dan noun phrase yang menempati sebagai object of preposition dan mereka sebagai Conjunction jika ada Subject + Verb.
Exercise 15
1.Analisalah preposisi dibawah ini.apakah preposisi yang difungsikan sebagai Conjunction /Preposition.
2.Gunakanlah Conjuntion atau preposisi secara kebutuhan kalimat.
1. fitri is crying loudly (because of/because) Harry disturbed her.
2. FLp was established (in/on/at) 1999.
3. Eko will have never been stoped working(until/before) tomorrow morning.
4. Due to Riska’s father, Andien wouln’t ever come to her house anymore.=
5. (since/for) 1998, Indonesia is never lack of debt.
6. since you go, she seemed happy =
7. As a kind leader,He commands this nation=
8. I am going to the Warnet on Sunday.=
9. (because/because of) you,The sky is blue.
10. After the terrible accident,that city looked bad.=
Information question
Def: pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban suatu informasi yang diawali dengan Question word.
Poal umum : QW + V + S ?
Jenis-jenis Qusetion word
1. who (untuk menanyakan subject orang)
2. whom (untuk menanyakan object orang)
3. what (untuk menanyakan subject/object selain orang)
4. where (menanyakan tempat)
5. when (menanyakan waktu)
6. which (menanyakan pilihan)
7. whose (menanyakan kepemilikan)
8. why (menanyakan alasan)
9. how (menanyakan cara)
how many (untuk menanyakan Countable plural Quantity
how much (untuk menanyakan Uncountable
there are ten children sleeping how many children are sleeping?
I need a tea spoon sugar for my coffee how much sugar do you need ?
apabila kita menggunakan Question word, maka akan terjadi perubahan pronoun. Dan jika yang ditanyakan adalah jumlah suatu benda maka akan menjadi jamak ketika sudah berubah ke dalam Question word. (lihat contoh)
Question Answer
I you
You I
e.g : I have a new shirt. How many new shirts do you have?
e.g : you have a new shirt. How many shirts do I have?
A .Menanyakan subject dan bagiannya.
Cara: 1.tulis ulang kata setelahnya
2.pelaku dianggap tunggal.
e.g your funny mice have bitten me.
a b
c
a. whose funny mice have bitten me?
b. Which funny mice have bitten me?
c. What has bitten you? (pelaku dianggap tunggal)
e.g : a foot ball game is being begun.
a b c
a.how many football games are being begun?
b. which game is being begun?
c.what is being begun?
e.g : Naruto’s chakra is being absorbed by Sasuke.
a b
c
a. Whose chakra is being absorbed by Sasuke?
b. What is being absorbed by Sasuke?
c. What is being absorbed by Sasuke?
B.menanyakan object dan bagiannya.
Cara: selain menanyakan subject (O,V,Adv, etc)kalimat dirubah ke dalam bentuk introgative.
e.g: I gave your mother a fish with marry.
a b c
d e
a. Whose mother did you give a fish with marry?
b. How many fish did you give to my mother with marry?
c. Whom did you give a fish to my mother with?
c. With whom did you give a fish to my mother?
d. Whom did you give a fish with marry?
e. What did you give to my mother with marry?
C.menanyakan Verb ord
Cara: ganti verb ordinary dengan ‘’do,did,done,doing’’
e.g: Dina was writing a poetry for Dhika.
a
a.What was Dina doing?
(ketika verbnya ditanyakan dalam Question word maka object dari verbnya hilang dan digantikan oleh ‘What’)
e.g: she is bitten by a snake.
a
a.What is she done?
a.What is done by her?
e.g: your sister gave me a rose last night.
a
a.What did my sister do to you last night?
Ingatlah bahwa verb yang stative tidak bisa ditanyakan!
e.g: I love you.
e.g: I have a car.
D.Menanyakan Adverb
1. place&direction (where)
2. manner (how)
3. frequency (how often/how many times)
4. degree: so,too,very (how+Adj/Adv)
5. speed (how fast)
6. time duration(how long)
7. distance(how far)
8. time general (when)
specific (what time)
e.g: William Gallas always comes here happily every Sunday at 8.pm.
a b c d e
a.how often does Wiliam Gallas come here happily every Sunday?
b.where does William Gallas always come here happily every Sunday?
c.how does William Gallas always come here every Sunday?
d.when does William Gallas always come here happily?
e.what time does William Gallas always come here happily every Sunday?
e.g:Casey Stoner rides his motorcycle 98 km per hour.
a
a.How fast does Casey Stoner ride his motorcycle?
Ingatlah bahwa sepanjang apapun modifiernya bila ada article letaknya paling depan.
Noun adjunct selalu berada di dekat Head.
e.g: a big grandious book store was burnt this morning.
a b c
a.How many book stores were burnt this morning?
b.Which book store was burnt this morning?
c.what was burnt this morning?
E.menanyakan complement
1.Person (who)
2.non person (what)
3.job (what)
4.age(how old)
5.Adj physic (what+Vaux+S+look like?)
Character (what+Vaux+S+like)
State (how)
6.place (where)
7.distance(how far)
e.g: her name is Dhika. (karena yang ditanyakan dalah sebuah nama (non person)
a
a. What is her name?
e.g:the girl was Marry jane. (yang ditanyakan adalah Mj/person)
a
a. Who was the girl?
e.g: your father will be a journalist. (yang ditanyakan adalah sebuah pekerjaan)
a
a. What will my father be?
e.g: David blaine is tall (yang ditanyakan adalah Adj / physic jadi ia diverbalkan)
a
a. What dose David blaine look like?
e.g:that man is lazy. (yang ditanyakan adalah Cs yang berkaitan dengan character)
a
a. What is man like?
e.g: my sister is sick. (yang ditanyakan adalah Cs yang berkaitan dengan state/keadaan)
a
a. how is your sister?
Exercise 15.
Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat ini ke dalam Question word yang benar.
1.I bought a new motorcycle yesterday.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.these tables are really light.
a b
c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.I forget your first name easily.
a b c
d
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.the rich has been waiting for your mother for 2 hours.’’
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.that girl wil be a scientist in this university.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
6they have been traveled to London in the summer by air balloon.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
7my uncle has been sick for a week.
a b c
d
a.
b.
c.
d.
8.my friend got his lost wallet at Gramedia.
a b c
d
a.
b
c.
d.
9.the little girl is an expert pianist.
a b
c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
10.Raffael benitez always instructs his team wisely and patiently.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
11.I have never been kissed by a woman.
a b c
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.my mother has given me a novel.
a b c
d
a.
b.
c.
d.
13Jim was talking to Kyo in the Hokage’s office.
a.
b.
c.
d.
14.I just stayed at home last night because of rain.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.the man usually work hard for his family.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
16.these problem are so easy.
a b
c d
a .
b.
c.
d.
17.I saw your girl at Semeru mountain.
a b c
a.
b.
c.
d.
18.Utami will stay in Surabaya for 5 years.
a b c d
a.
b.
c.
d.
19.my fat brother is 35 years old.
a b
c
a.
b.
c.
20.michael Jackson’style is so nice.
a b
a.
b.
Answer key
exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3
1. Avp 1.Adj 1.tries,tried,tried,trying
2. Pp 2.Pp 2.bears,bore,born,bearing
3. Np 3.Dc 3.swears,swore,sworn,swearing
4. Vp 4.Pp 4.does,did,done,doing
5. Adj 5.Vp 5.has,had,had,having
6. Pp 6.Avp 6.goes,went,gone,going
7. Adj 7.Sent 7.hits,hit,hit,hitting
8. Np 8.Adj 8.sees,saw,seen,seeing
9. Pp 9.Pp 9.catches,cought,cought,catching
10. Vp 10.Ic 10.was/were,been.being
11. Avp 11.Pp 11.scratches,scratched,scratching
12. Adj 12.Vp 12.fries,fried,fried,frying
13. Pp 13.Sent 13.ties,tied,tied,tying
14. Adj 14.Sent 14.pushes,pushed,pushed,pushing
15. Vp 15.Pp 15.speaks,spoke,spoken,speaking
16. Vp 16.Adj 16.smokes,smoked,smoked,smoking
17. Vp 17.Pp 17.expresses,expressed,expressing
18. Vp 18.Sent 18.mixes,mixed,mixed,mixing
19. Pp 19.Sent 19.shops,shoped,shoped,shopping
20. Adj 20.Pp 20.takes,took,taken,taking
21. Avp 21.Avp 21.pours,poured,poured,pouring
22. Np 22.Pp 22.types,typed,typed,typing
23. Vp 23.Pp 23.prays,prayed,prayed,praying
24. Adj 24.Dc 24.stops,stoped,stoped,stopping
25. Np 25.Vp
26. Adj 26.Sent
27. Np 27.Pp
28. Pp 28.Dc
29. Np 29.Pp
30. Pp 30.Sent
31.Ic
32.Sent
33.Adj
34.Adj
35.Pp
36.Vp
37.Ic
38.Vp
39.Pp
40.Vp
exercise 4 exercise 5
1. will have gone 1.been (nominal)
2. had drunk 2.be (nominal)
3. would have been teachimg/taught 3.shot (verbal)
4. were ridden/riding 4.coaches (verbal)
5. was ground/grinding 5.keep (nominal)
6. shall be sold 6.was (nominal)
7. will walk 7.launched (verbal)
8. is flying 8.feels (nominal)
9. had been hung 9.finishing (verbal)
10. are shaking/shaken 10.wore (verbal)
11. will have been written/writing 11.remains (Nominal)
12. should be bought/buying 12.delayed (verbal)
13. would have been feeding/fed 13.are (nominal)
14. shall have fried 14.keep (nominal)
15.is (nominal)
16.announced (verbal)
17.compossed,discussed (Ic&Dc verbal)
18.is (nominal)
19.becomes,climbed (Ic nominal,Dcverbal)
20.given (verbal)
exercise 6
1. I am going to the movie.
2. they are trying to read that book.
3. she is feeding the ducks.
4. I have been napping.
5. he will sleep.
6. you will be hitting him.
7. we will have punched them.
8. she will have been typing the letters.
9. they watched that game last night.
10. I was reading laskar Pelangi.
11. you had sung that song.
12. they had been playing the game.
13. we would sit there.
14. my mother would have been angry.
15. she would have been kissing him on that scene.
16. lampard would have been kicking that ball.
17. I realized it.(karena realize termasuk dalam non progressive verb)
exercise 7
1.is shania feel naïve?
2.utami is not a sanguine girl.
3.did hasan not cry?
4.does she go to school every morning?
5.we don’t bring an English dictionary for you.
6.you don’t read a Trubus magazine.
7.do I usually meet Zahra before she goes to school?
8.my kind mother doesn’t cook the delicious for dinner.
9 will adi not have been quit?
10.was Naruto not a best seller manga?
11..you won’t get so much usefull inspiration if you read Dunia sophie.
12.they aren’t discussing the confusing problem.
13.it is not dancing on the table.
14.are we not a soulmate?
15.does a fat boy see a thin girl on the street when he want to cross the street.
16.I’m not telling you a nice story.
17.didn’t rud van nistlerooy move to Madrid?
18.I don’t like lasagna.
19.does Banana not visit his girlfriend three times a day?
20.does he have good talent in cello?
21her aunt is not sweeping the roof.
22.wasn’t J.k rowling an ordinary housewife before she becomes famous?
23.is Margonda more crowded than last year?
24.a naughty child is not sleeping.
25.isn’t sheila’s song sound so nice?
26.doesn’t Janji joni feature an impolite scenes?
27habib is not a comedian.
28.have I washed my cycle?
29.Wind struck had not ever been a great movie.
exercise 8
1.the france class begun at 8.00pm
the france class will have begun at 8.00pm
2.he has drawn a car.
he will have been drawing a car.
3.Thomas will have painted a house.
Thomas is painting a house.
4.james will imagine himself as a rich man.
james has imagined himself as a rich man.
5.the grandious car looked so nice.
the grandious car will look so nice.
6.Tanya had slept.
Tanya will have slept.
7.when you smell the coffee,you have known the taste of it.
when you smell the coffee,you had known the taste of it.
8.will coffee robusta taste nice?
coffee robusta has smelled nice.
9.Ana’s weight had been 50 kg.
Ana’s weight is 50 kg.
10.will Ana have been weighing a 10 kg banana?
Ana will have weighed a 10 kg banana.
11.the students forgot the homework.
the student will not forgot the homework.
12.she had had a nice breakfast.
she is having a nice breakfast.
13.my sister has appeared so pale.
my sister appeared so pale.
14.my sister will be appearing on the stage.
had my sister appeared on the stage?
15.will Arjen robben be a left wing player?
Arjen robben will be a left wing player.
16..she has seemed scare.
she seemed scare.
17.will Habib understand the lesson?
Habib has understood the lesson.
18.your grand mother will have looked tired
your grand mother will have looked tired.
19.the director is looking for the book.
the director was looking for the book.
20.will Sasuke have a new cycle?
Sasuke will have had a new cycle.
bagian 2
materi
1. phrase (lanjutan)
2. sentence & clause
3. Pronoun, Quantity & Subject verb agreement
4. trick connector
5. modal
6. question tag
referensi
1. Betty second edition
2. Marcella (phrase)
3. Thompson Martinet
4. Michael Swan
5. Cliff
bab 1
tujuan bab
pemahaman phrase (lanjutan)
sentence & clause
1. Noun phrase
def : phrase yang intinya ada pada noun.
w.o : M + H
e.g : kind student
H + M
e.g: student in the class
M+ H + M
e.g: the kind student in the class
function in sentence subject subj of verb
e.g: the kind student in the class are polite.
subj
Cs
e.g Luna is a kind student.
object object of verb
e.g: herri met a girl last night.
e.g: hendra sent a letter for a girl.
object of preposition e.g: tom is afraid of a girl.
complement of object
e.g: we don’t believe mahdi a bad boy.
s v o Co
Appositive (keterangan tambahan) restrictive(penting)
e.g: Dani our friend is so kind.
non restrictive (tidak penting)
e.g: soekarno,our first president, is megawati’s father.
jika noun phrase yang difungsikan sebagai Appositive yang non restrictive maka harus dipisahkan dengan koma.
Adverb Adverbial noun phrase (noun prhase yang difungsikan sebagai Adv)
e.g: Bertha visited Andra last night.
(hanya Adv of time yang- dibentuk dari noun phrase)
vocative (alamat kalimat)
e.g: my friend,I will tell you something.
e.g: I will tell you something,my friend. penggunaan Np sebagai vocative yang diposisikan di belakang atau di depan maka harus memakai koma.
catatan:
1. ketika pola noun phrase yang berupa M+H+M,maka modifier sebelum Head disebut pre Modifier dan modifier setelah Head disebut Post modifier.
2. ketika ada kalimat yang menggunakan verb yang masuk dalam anggota Cvt (Complex verb transitive),maka objectnya membutuhkan Complement of object.
3. Apposistive adalah keterangan tambahan yang berupa noun phrase dan menempati posisi post modifier.
4. Vocative (alamat kalimat),tujuan seluruh kailmat ditujukan kepada Vocative tersebut.
2.prepositional phrase
def : phrase yang intinya ada pada preposisi.
w.o : prep + object of preposition
noun
pronoun
noun phrase
function
Adjectival as post modifier
e.g: the student in this class are patient.
Adverbial as Adv
menjelaskan Adjective =Anto is angry with you.
Verb = He slept on the floor.
sentence = in my opinion , Agi is being foolish.
object of verb Dvt/Mvt
e.g: Sarah gave a flower for Danu. preposition yang digunakan sebagai indirect object dari Dvt.
e.g: Adrian is waiting (for) a girl.
prepotional phrase bisa digunakan sebagai object of verb dari Mvt,dengan syarat jika preposisinya dihilangkan tidak akan merubah makna.
e.g: Ardial is looking for a job
Np
akan merubah makna jika dihilangkan,jadi ini bukan prepositional phrase yang menempati Object of verb tapi adalah Noun phrase.
catatan:
secara umum preposisi tidak menempati posisi noun ,tetapi padahal-hal tertentu preposisi bisa menempati posisi noun dengan syarat:
A. menempati posisi object of verb Ditransitive verb dengan syarat Io jatuh setelah Do
B. object of verb Monotransitive ,dengan syarat objectnya mempunyai bound preposition dan ketika dibuang tidak merubah makna.
3.Adjective phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada Adjective
w.o: Adv + Adj e.g: too beautiful
Adj + Adv e.g: beautiful enough/angry with you
function
in a noun phrase as Modifier pre modifier =e.g: A very beautiful girl
Ap as pre mod + H = Np
post modifier = e.g: someone very special
post m (ap)
Head harus berupa indefinite pronoun
e.g: that boy afraid of you
sentence as complement Cs e.g: she is clever enough.
Lv
Co e.g: Ratih made me happy enough.
s Cvt o Co
catatan : Adjective phrase yang berfungsi modifier pada noun phrase mempunyai 2 posisi yaitu pre modifier dan post modifier.jika Adjective phrase menempati posisi post modifier,maka Head harus berupa Indefinite (tidak jelas) dan harus berupa Adjective phrase yang dibentuk dari bound preposisiton.
4.Adverbial phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada adverb
w.o: Adv+ Adv e.g: very greedily
Adv + Adv e.g: greedily enough
function as Adv
e.g Kimiko has eaten raw fish greedily enough/very greedily
Adverbial phrase as Adv
catatan
enough sebagai Adj enough + H e.g: enough money=Np
Adv e.g: clear enough/clearly enough
5.Verb phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada Verb ord
w.o: Vaux + Vord
function as Verb
e.g : Asma Nadia will have been creating a new novel on December.
subject Vaux Vord Object Adv
6.exclamatory phrase
def:phrase yang intinya ada pada exclamatory word
kind How Adj as complement Cs e.g: she is kind how kind she is!
(adv) sbj Lv cs
Co e.g: she drove me crazy.
sbj Cvt o Co
how crazy she drove me!
Adv as Adv e.g:Erwan eats cakes greedily. How greedily Erwan eats cakes!
What as pre modifier dlm Noun/Noun phrase
(Adj) Cpl
uncount
adj n
function : Subject subj of verb e.g: What boys are in the class!
subj(ep/np) Lv Cs
Cs e.g:He is a student. What a student he is!
subj Lv Cs
Object Object of verb Do e.g: Rio drinks black coffee,
What black coffee Rio drinks!
Io e.g:Halif sends a kind girl a flower.
subj Dvt Do Io
What kind girl Halif sends a flower!
Object of preposistion
e.g: Utami is angry with cruel Hatta.
subj Lv Cs dari Adj phrase
What cruel Hatta Uta mi is angry with!
subj Lv Cs
Co
e.g: we call Ardial monkey!
s Cvt Obj Co
What a bad name we call Ardial!
Co s Cvt O
catatan kawan!!
1.Artikel yang bisa di gunakan pada Exclamatory hanya ‘a & an’.
2.Exclamatory word kata yang menunjukkan luapan emosi dan mempunya arti ‘alngkah,betapa’
3.Exclamatory phrase posisinya selalu diawal kalimat.
4.wajib menggunakan tanda seru.
5.ketika menggunakan Exclamatory How,ia hanya berada pada sentence bukan pada noun phrase oleh karena itu ia hanya berfungsi sebagai complement.
7.participle phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada participle.
kind present
w.o: verb+ing =participle
Monotransitive + Do (adv)
Ditransitive + Do+Io (adv)
Complex verb transitive + Do (Adv) (karakter)
Linkin Verb + Cs ( Adv)
Verb intransitive Adverb
Function Adj as post Modifier
e.g: the girl sitting in front of me is Jhun Jhi Hyun.
H M Adv dari Vi Lv Cs
subject kalimat yang dibentuk dari Np
Adv as Adv
e.g: Sitting in front of me, She is reading a novel.
Adv (participle)
Past
W.O : VT O Adv
Adv as Post modifier
e.g: the boy angered last night was Fabergass.
H post M Lv Cs
Subject (Np)
e.g: the girl visited last night was Narnia. e.g: the boy visiting Roni is Danu
(vt passive) O verb kalimat (vt + O =active) verb kalimat
participle sebagai post modifier participle sebagai post modifier
exercise 16
gunakanlah present participle atau past participle yang ada dalam tanda kurung pada kalimat ini
1. the girl (invite) in the party was Dian.
2. (invite) the girl, he looked so happy.
3. the book (set) on the case are mine.
4. (set) neatly, the books are counted.
5. the boy (set) the books is my brother.
6. (have) the books (set) on the case , the boy gets his trousers (wash) fast.
7. Dessy (get) her room (clean) soon makes me sad.
8. the family (have) much money is very generous.
9. the (scratch) trees are (fall) down.
10. Anto (kick) by her sister (give) him a nice attention patiently because he doesn’t want to eat the medicine.
8.Gerund phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada Gerund
Gerund: kata kerja yang dibendakan e.g: swim (renang) swimming (berenang)
verb noun
kinds: Active W.o: Gerund (V +ing) dengan melihat karakternya.
Vt + O (adv)
Vi +adv (wajib ada)
Lv (adv)
Passive W.o: Gerund (being + V3) karakternya Verb tanpa Object= Pv
V + O = Passive
Function : Subject S of verb : studying is our favourite.
(n) Gp Lv Cs
Cs : our favourite is Studying.
(n) Gp Lv Cs
Object O of verb Do mvt : we avoid studying at night.
s cvt objcet(gerund)
dvt Io
O of preposition : I was injured because of his kicking.
s v (pv) adv (prep) gerund
Co
catatan:
1. gerund tidak mempunyai certain verb ditransitive,maka gerund tidak bisa&tidak ada yang menempati posisi Indirect object. eg: we make studying for us./we make us studying.
2.karena tidak punya certain verb ,maka gerund tidak bisa berfungsi pada Complement of object. e.g: Raja call us studying
s v o co
9.Infinitive phrase
def: phrase yang intinya ada pada to infinitive.
kinds (Active) w.o: to inf = to + bare infinitive
Vt + O (adv)
Vi + adv karakter
Lv + Cs (adv)
(Passive) w.o: to be + V3.karakternya V + O =pv (adv)
function Noun as subject S of verb : to study together is our will.
subject adv Lv Cs
Cs : our will is to study together.
subj Lv Cs adv
Object O of verb Do mvt : we agree to study together.
s cvt o (to inf) adv
dvt
Io
O of prep
Co : the teacher advise us to study English.
subject cvt o Co (to inf)
Adj as post modifier : the man to advise Hedar is only his father.
Adv as Adv menjelaskan Adj : Zahra is too happy to meet Rio.
s Lv Cs (ap) adv(to inf)
Adv of manner : the cat ran quickly enough to catch that mouse.
Verb : Ana&Anto go to bogor to study in I.P.B
catatan
1. to infinitive tidak akan pernah difungsikan&berkelas kata sebagai verb,namun ia mempunyai berbagai kelas kata seperti noun,adv,adj.semua itu tergantung posisinya.
2. to inf tidak mempunyai certain verb ditransitive,maka tidak bisa difungsikan&di posisikan sebagai Io.
3. to inf tidak bisa di posisikan pada object of preposition karena akan double preposition.
4. enough /too pasti diikuti to infinitve.
5. ketika to infinitive menempati posisi post modifier ia harus bermakana modal yang mempunyai makna ‘harus,dapat,seharusnya’
6.cara membedakan gerund &participle adalah jika gerund dapat dibalik menjadi subject tanpa merubah makna.
7gerund&to infinitive dapat saling menggantikan karena sama dari segi fungsi.
Harto’s hobby is fishing =Gerund sebagai Cs karena subjectnya tidak bisa melakukan kegiatan tersebut.
Harto is studying= tenses continuous karena subjectnya dapat melakukan.
Bare infinitive
kinds Active (karakter)
w.o: Bi
Vt + O (adv)
Vi + adv
Lv +Cs (adv)
Passive
w.o: Vt O (adv)
function : Noun as Co dari Causative verb: make ,have
Non causative verb: let,help
e.g: Hans makes me answer the question.
s cvt o co object dari co yang berkarakter Vt +O
karena ada verb causative,maka Co nya berupa Bare inf.
e.g: Ana have the roof be repaired
s cvt o co (pv)
karakter repair yang menjadi co adalah Vt ,namun karena tidak ada Object,maka menjadi passive
catatan : causative verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai makna sebab dan pasti ada akibat.causative verb mempunyai makna ‘meminta,menyuruh,membuat,’.
exercise 17
gunakanlah bentuk kata kerja yang benar (verb form)&analisa kelas katanya.
1.(have) a lot of girlfriend is Habib’s dream.
2.(have) much money, Dani will selebrate his birthday.
3.the boy (have) a curly hair is Andrea.
4.(visit) last night, Nana was happy.
5.(visit) Lia every week was Izet’d hobby.
6.Nanda was (visit) her grand mother when you (come) to her house.
7.the man (get) his his house ( visit) every Sunday is Reza.
8.my uncle is (have) a problem,
9.Harri’s aim is (have) the house (sold)
10.(sell) these comics book, Andhika will gets the money (collected)
11.(sell) ceaply, the books run out.
12.comics boks (sell) in the market are famous.
13.the poem (write) with blue ink was put on the bed.
14.(write) poems every month was Nova’s duty.
15.(get) the birds (shoot) is usual.
16.my aunt has my friend (invite) to her daughter’s party.
17.(strike) ,the old man was hospitalized.
18.(advise) (put) the rubbish in the box is Aam’s habbit.
19.(polish) the shoes every morning has been Andra’s favourite.
20.(polish) this morning, he put the shoes under the bed.
21.(polish) the shoes, he brought the shoes to the office.
22.the child(feed) every morning) is getting sick.
23.Naomi avoided (invite) to the party.
24.the little boy(admit) (not,enter) the room is Doni.
25.the seet girl (deny) (interview) will not be accepted.
26. the boy (have) me (look)at him is Andre.
27.Splinter advised (explain) this lesson patiently.
28.My mother advised you ( study) hard.
29.the girl (persuade) come to Indar’s house made us (keep)silent.
30.(fail) (not,enter) the school, he planned (decide) (go) abroad.
31.(speak) English is not different from (write) English.
32.an old man (dislike) (force) us (be) diligent is planning (make) another way.
33.(teach) (swim) every morning, she could do it alone.
34.Seto mulyadi was famous of(keep) (struggle) (get) there.
35.Nadia is famous (keep) her body slim.
36.Yani’s big desire is (get) the scholar ship.
37.the money is not allowed (steal).
38.Afif allowed Aam (steal) the money.
39.Anto agreed (keep) (not,steal) money.
40.(steal) the money, he couldn’t sleep at night.
sentence
A.clause independent clause (Ic) :klausa yang bisa berdiri sendiri. W.O : S + V
dependent clause (Dc) klausa yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri ,atau kehadirannya bergantung pada Ic. W.O : Conj + S + V
kinds of Dependent clause Noun clause (clause yang difungsikan sebagai Noun)
Adjective clause (clause yang difungsikan sebagai Adj)
Adverbial clause (clause yang difungsikan sebagai Adv)
function of Dependent clause
Noun clause Subject S of verb : whom you met is Lisa.
subject (Nc) Lv Cs
Cs : the fact is that a week has seven days.
subject Lv Cs (Noun clause)
Object O of verb : I know where you live.
s Vt O (nc)
O of prep : I know about where you live.
s Vt prep O of prep (nc)
Co :
Adjective clause (Ac)
berfungsi pada post modifier.
e.g: the house where you live is so classic.
Head post m (Ac) Lv Cs (Ap)
Adverbial clause (Avc)
berfungsi sebagai Adv
e.g: I will go wherever you go / wherever you go, I will go.
s vi Adv (Avc) Adv (Avc) s vi
daftar jenis-jenis conjunction
1. when
2. whenever
3. until
4. since
5. who (person)
6. whom (person)
7. what
8. that(person/non person)
9. which(non person)
10. where
11. wherever
12. if
exercise 18
berikan garis dari keseluruhan bagian clause nya & tentukanlah jenis clause-clause berikut yang ada pada kalimat ini.
tips : karena jumlah conjunction sangat banyak ,maka untuk menetukan conjunction dari clasue selalu ingatlah harus ada subject + verb dan kalau ingin mencari clause,cari conjunction clause nya dahulu,lalu verb clause nya.
1.jika Noun clause,selalu ada Penyebabnya yaitu Verb transitive, dan semua posisi Noun,Noun phrase bisa difungsikan oleh Noun clause juga.
2.jika Adverbial clause,sama fungsinya seperti Adv,dan Adverbial phrase.
3. Adjective clause selalu menjadi post modifier,dan mempunyai Head yang ingin di jelaskan.
1. I know where you go:
2. I live where you live:
3. Usman doesn’t know about where we will go in this holiday:
4. the patient who is sick reads a novel while the dentist cure the other s:
5. the fact that you have hurted her is unforgiveable:
6. the fact is that a universe has 1 sun is true:
7. before Kimimaru goes to his temple, he has taken his teacher’s meal:
8. I give whom I like what I have when I get there:
9. please deribes the person who you met at the station:
10. whom you met is who met me:
11. the hospital where you are looked after is being burnt:
12. your father didn’t know where the place is:
13. suddenly, my friend who always amuse me on daily life get lost:
14. if you want to play piano, you have to had a strong will:
15. I have never met a person who has plain character as you until this time:
16. I don’t know what I can do:
17. until December, I’ll stay here:
18. my friend who is so fussy will have never eaten that raw fish until you eat it:
19. whom you go to the play with?:
20. Yuna is nominated as a preetiest girl on gaming world:
sentence
B.by ordinary berupa ‘’be & anggota linking verb’’ = nominal sentence
bukan berupa ‘’be’’ = verbal sentence
By number pf full predication
1.simple sentence terdiri dari satu IC (independent clause)
w.o: S + V + O +end mark ( ! ? . )
e.g : Orochimaru took a novel.
2.compound sentence minimal terdiri dari dua IC (Independent clause)
e.g : Orochimaru took a novel and he read it.
S v Cc s v
1. bila memakai Cc (Coordinate conjunction), maka disebut compound sententence.
2. jika subject dari kedua Ic sama /ada bagian yang sama maka di Ellipsis (peringkasan) pada bagian yang sama. (Ellipsis the same part)
e.g : Orochimaru took a novel and read it.
3.complex sentence terdiri minimal satu IC dan minimal satu DC.
e.g : Orochimaru took a novel which was bought by Hokage.
S v = IC DC (Adjective clause) sebagai post modifier.
e.g : your polite friend came here when you go.
subject Vi Adv Dc (Adverbial clause) sebagai Adv
disebut complex sentence bila memakai conjunction selain Coordinate conjunction.
4.Compound complex sentence terdiri minimal dua IC dan satu DC.
e.g : Orochimaru took a novel which was bought by Hokage and read it.
S V = Ic Dc Ic
e.g: Orochimaru took a novel and read it when your polite friend came here.
S V = IC IC Conj S V = Dc
e.g: Orochimaru took and read a novel which was bought by Hokage.
IC Cc V post M (AC) Adv (Pp)
Pronoun, Quantity,Subject verb agreement
Pronoun
Def : kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang,benda,atau jumlah yang tidak jelas.
kinds : Indefinite Pronoun
one body
+/-/+?/-? Every (setiap orang)
+ Some (seorang) + assumption
-/?/-? Any (seseorang) - assumption
+/? No (tak seorangpun)
Indefinite thing
thing
+/-/+?/_? Every (segala sesuatu)
+/? Some (sesuatu) + assumption
-/+/+?/-? Any (sesuatu) – assumption
+/? No (tak satupun)
Quantity
Indefinite quantity
Def : takaran untuk menghitung noun yang tidak jelas jumlahnya
1. Quantiy Noun
one
either
neither C sing
every
each
another
2. two
both keterangan subject verb agreement:
(a) few ketika quantity yang menjadi-
many subject ,maka verbnya mengikuti
several yang sudah ditentukan oleh-
a couple of C p quantity tersebut.
couples
a number of
numbers
none
3. the other/C sing/Cplural
4. much
(a) little
a deal of
deals U
an amount of
amounts
5.
a lot of
lots of
plenty of Cpl/U
most
more
enough
6. some
all
any Flexi
no
Question tag
Def: pertanyaan pendek yang ada di belakang nya statement,imperative,inivitation.
dalam Tag question, pembicara membuat pernyataan ,tetapi tidak sepenuhnya yakin, jadi si pembicara menggunakan Tag question untuk meyakinkan pernyataan sebelumnya. kalimat yang menggunakan Tag question harus dipisahkan dengan koma dari main clause. kalimat akan selalu berakhir dengan Question mark (tanda tanya). perhatikan peraturan berikut ini.
1. gunakan Verb Auxiliarry yang sama seperti yang ada pada main clause. jika tidak ada Auxiliarry , gunakan ‘do,does,atau did.
2. jika main clause negative, maka Question tag nya harus positive ; jika main clause positive, Question tag nya negative.
3. gunakan subject yang sama dalam main clause dan Tag. Question Tag harus selalu mempunyai bentuk pronoun.
4. jika subject nya berupa ‘there are,there is, it is’ maka dalam Tag nya harus sama seperti mereka.
5. jika dalam American TOEFL verb ord yang berupa ‘Have’ auxiliary ‘do,does,did harus digunakan dalam Tag, tapi jika dalam British gunakanlah bentuk ord yang sama.
exercise 19
gunakanlah bentuk Question Tag yang benar
1. you are going to market today, ?
2. Gabriel agreed the party, ?
3.there is an exam tomorrow, ?
4.Letto will come to our university in December , ?
5.she has been studying english for two years, ?
6.it sure is sunny today, ?
7.you can not play Gunbound today, ?
8. there aren’t any food left, ?
9.we have seen that movie, ?
10.She should stay in bed, ?
kesimpulan
Berikut ini adalah kesimpulan tentang bagian-bagian apa saja yang bisa ditempati dari setiap posisi pada kalimat.
sentence
by element (kalimat ditinjau dari bagian-bagiannya)
Subjcet,Verb,Object,Adverb.
1.Subject S of verb : Noun,Np,pron,single gerund/phrase (Gp),single infinitive/phrase(Ip),Exclamatory phrase ‘’what’’ (Ep),Noun clause.
Cs Adj : Adjective phrase/single Adj, Ep ‘’How & What’’
Adv : Prepotitional phrase,single Adv/phrase
Noun : single Noun,Np,pron,Pp,Ep ‘’What”,Noun clause
2.Verb : Single verb,Verb phrase
3.Object of verb Direct object : N,Np,pron,Sg/Gp,Si/Ip, Ep ‘’What’’,Nc,Pp*
Indirect object : N,Np,Pron,Pp,Ep ‘’What”,,Nc
of preposition : N,Np,PronSg/Gp,Ep ‘’What”,Nc
Co : N,Np,Pron,Ep ‘’How & What”,Nc,Sa/Ap
Verb form Ps.pcp : Have,Get
To inf : (betty azhar 169)
Bi : Have,Make,let,Help
4.Adverb : Single adv/AVp,Pp,Np,Ep ‘’How’’,Avc,Pron,N(pada vocative)
verb form Pcp : Present & Past
To inf
bab 2
tujuan bab
verb form
gerund
Verb form Simple present to inf
past bare inf
Additional infinitive
Participle present
past
Gerund
Verb form function finite Ai ( in present tense)
Ps form ( in past tense) pasti finite
Bi (in present tense/after modal)
pres pcp ( in continuous tense)
ps pcp (in perfect tense/passive voice)
Finite : Verb form yang difungsikan sebagai Verb.
Non Finite : Verb form yang tidak difungsikan sebagai Verb.
1.Non finite (participle)
present as Adv hasil dari ellipsis Avc : when going here ,she was struck.
setelah certain verb : Come,go
e.g : she comes jumping.
e.g: she wants to go fishing.
e.g : I came here to study.
e.g : I go to your house to meet you.
jika diselang adv maka menjadi Adv of purpose
sit,stand,lie (Adv of place) bermakna sambil.
e.g: yesterday, Hatta just sits reading a novel
e.g: faida is standing in the corner crying.
adv of place
e.g: Ardial is lying on the grass watching the sky.
adv of place
e.g: Thompson is swimming on the swimming pool
being watched by Saskia
spend,waste + Noun of time /money
e.g: I spent my night staying up.
e.g: I wasted all my money buying chocolates.
e.g: my night is spent being hit .
have + O of difficulty/fun
e.g: he had a hard time answering those question.
e.g: his parents had a good time making him continue his study at the university.
be + Cs word “busy”
e.g: she was busy enough packing her goods when I come to her house.
as Adj in sentence Cs ( berupa pr pcp bila subject nya Doer).
e.g: the book is interesting.
L v
Co (berupa pr pcp bila Object nya Doer).
e.g: I found that movie frightened
Cvt o Co
as noun in Co function perception verb (panca indra)
(kelas kata noun,tapi karaktenya verb)
see,notice,watch,look at,hear listen to,behold,glimpse,hark at, perceive,witness,smell,observe.(betty 184)
e.g: when eating rice, I saw you walking with my girl.
cvt O Co
bila bermakna progress action (aktifitas dalam waktu sementara) Co berupa Pr pcp,tetapiketika whole action(aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung nasmun kita hanya melihetnya secara sengaja) maka Co berbentuk Bi.
e.g: I watch my school’s team play in the stadium.(whole action)
e.g: when walking for 15 minutes, I heard a child crying.
Non perception verb
(kelas kata noun,tapi karaktenya verb)
bring,depict,discover,draw,get,can’t have,won’t have,imagine,paint,start,show,set,take,
catch,find,keep,leave,send.
e.g: because he was busy typing the news, he won’t have you entering his room.
e.g: you are my friend ,so I can’t have you telling the answer of the question.
Non finite : past participle as Adv from ellipsis dari Avc.
e.g: when struck by the car, he wasn’t- brought to hospital.
Adj in phrase : pre mod & post mod (Head berupa recipient)
e.g: Kicked ball / the ball which is kicked
in sentence : Complement Cs (S)
Co (O)
recipient
e.g : this girl made sutrisno interested.
e.g: when watching the movie, Ana was frightening
Noun as Co 1.causative : have,get
2.Non causative : want
3.perception verb common :
see,hear
un common:
semua cvt perception kecuali see,hear
4.Non perception : catch,find,keep,leave,send ketika ada non perception verb selain diatas gunakan bentuk pv gerund
1. e.g: she wanted her book to be arranged / arranged.
S cvt O Co (vt O = PV)
2. e.g: sitting watching television, I heard my door knocked.
S cvt O Co (vt O = PV)
3. e.g: I found my letter torn out.
S cvt O Co (vt O = PV)
4. I discovered that old man struck.
S cvt O Co (vt O = PV)
Non finite(inf) Bi causative : make,have
1. e.g : I make him go out.
non causative :let,help,bid,know
2. e.g : the manager bids his workers come early.
perception yang verupa whole action
3. e.g :I saw him playing football.
4. e.g: I saw him play football in the stadium.
5. e.g : I found my bird stolen.
dirubah dalam bentuk passive
1. he is made to come early.
berdasarkan kebutuhan struktur ,maka to go tetap sebagai Cs karena berasal dari Co yang Non finite. jadi, Cs diganti jadi to inf.
2. the workers were bidden to come early.
3. he was seen playing football.
4. he was seen to play football in the stadium.
5. my bird was found stolen.
catatan : jika ada Cvt Bare infinitive yang dipasfkan ,maka Co nya menjadi To inf.
to inf part of speech
Noun Subject S after it
S of verb
Cs
Object O of verb
Co
Appositive
Adj as post mod (to inf yang mengandung makna modal)
Adv as modifier of Adj berupa Emotion (betty 175)
Non emotion modified by (semua Adj yang dijelaskan oleh)
“too,enough”
1. e.g : to cross the river is dangerous
semua subject of verb punya variasi penulisan dengan meletakkan to infinitive di struktur yang paling belakang.
e.g: it is dangerous to cross the river.
posisi subject yang di tempati oleh “it” disebut subject semu, dan subject semu yang disebut Expletive it,pronoun yang tidak mempunyai antecedent/tempat kembali,ada dua macam yaitu : 1.Impersonal : pronoun yang tidak punya antecedent & subject asal.
e.g : it is dark, it is my book, it is she
2. Anticipatory,pronounyang tidak punya antecedent , tapi mempunyai subject asal.
e.g: to cross the river is dangerous.
e.g : it is dangerous to cross the river.
catatan : semua yang dapat menempati posisi subject of verb bisa menempati posisi subject after it.
e.g: the book to read is interesting.
tidak perlu dibuat passive karena sudah megngandung makna passive ,dan mengandung makana modal.
to inf subject less infinitive phrase ( Slip )
single infinitive : to inf Vi adv
Vt O
e.g: to read is my hobby.
Slip Lv Cs
tidak perlu ditambahkan object jika yang yang dimaksud membaca secara general.
Subject full infinitive phrase (Sfip).
W.O : for phrase + to inf Vt +O
Vi (adv)
Lv + Cs
e.g : for you to cry is impossible / it is impossible for you to cry.
subject after it
exercise 20
gunakan lah bentuk subject / Object dari infinitive phrase yang benar & bentuk verb form yang benar.
1.(he,run) is easy.
2(you,refuse) that job is foolish.
3.(we,help) the other is generous.
4 I wanted (you,go) away.
5.the test (we,pass) is easy.
6.(you,listen) to the music loudly is disturbing.
7.(find) (run) after (enter) the house, that man was suspected.
8.are you (interest) in seeing that singer (sing) on the stage?
9.(make) (admit) all of his faults ,the murderer kept silent.
10.do you enjoy (spend) last year (working) in that company?
11.the police had a lot of trouble (control) the workers (demonstrate?).
12.the boy was brought to the hospital after (depict) (struck).
13.leave those (puzzle) questions (lie) on your table.
Gerund
Def: kata kerja yang dibendakan (V + ing)
function in sentence as S S of verb : going home needs money.
Cs : his habbit is killing.
S after it : it is usual,my going here.
ketika gerund diposisikan sebagtai subject after it maka harus memakai koma jika ada bentuk possessive & koma bisa hilang jika tak ada bentuk possessive.
O O of verb :
O of prep : after standing for 2 hours, I sit.
Co
(karena tidak mempunyai C vt)
Apossitive
form tenses simple :digunakan ketika tenses gerund lebih lampau dari tenses finite sentence & tidak ada bentuk gerund simple continuous karena akan dobel continuous.
perfect : Having + V3
Having + been + V ing
Subjective case subject less single Vt + O
Vi adv
Gp Vt + O
Vi + adv
Lv + Cs
subject full : gerund phrase
W.o : Subject + Gerund Vt + O
Vi + adv
possessive & pronoun object Lv + Cs
in phrase function as Head (mengandung makna) ke_____an
pe_____an
me_____an
pre modifier (bermakna alat / sarana)
e.g: writing class
e.g: smoking area
catatan:1. jika gerund berada di posisi object ,maka Subject of gerund bisa diganti dengan pronoun object.
e.g: she appreciated my eating the sea food greedily.
e.g : she appreciated me eating the sea food greedily.
2.bila gerund menempati posisi subject after it dengan subject full, maka harus memakai koma,tapi jika subject less maka tidak memakai koma.
e.g : going here is important / it is important going here.
e.g: my going here is usual / it is usual , my going here.
3.untuk membedakan gerund dan participle adalah dengan mengetahui bahwa gerund bermakna alat & participle bermakna doer (pelaku).
e.g: swimming boy =participle (doer)
e.g : swimming pool = gerund (alat / sarana)
Verb yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund / to infinitive.
A. tanpa perbedaan makna (betty 162)
1.start 4.like 5.prefer
2.begin 5.love 6.can’t stand
3.continue 6.hate 7.can’t bear
B. dengan perbedaan makna
verb to infinitive gerund
want
need Active meaning Passive meaning
deserve Vt + O
require (ingin) Vi + Adv
merit
stop to be done to be stoped
(kita berhenti dari melakukan - ( berhenti melakukannya
sesuatu untuk melakukannya) untuk melakukan kegiatan yang lain )
forget
remember Future meaning Past meaning
regret
e.g:
1. the result of the meeting needs to be considered.
2. we stop to get breakfast after driving for 2 hours.
*3.if you feel cold,try taking your cigarettes,wearing your coat,or burning your room.
4.many people stop using type writer after the coming of computer.
5.if you do your work well, I regret to give you poor scores.
*catatan : jika “try” object nya lebih dari satu maka menggunakan gerund,tapi jika lebih dari satu ,maka memakai gerund yang menyimpan makna percobaan.
bab 3
tujuan bab
kinds of clause
Ellipsis
inversion
Clause
1. Noun clause
def: clause as noun
function Subject S of verb
Cs
S after it
Object O of verb Do
Io
O of preposition
Co
Appositive
kinds of noun clause 1. Noun clause from question
yes/no question : if,wheter
information question : Question word
Qw +ever / soever
(character : pronoun,adv,adj)
2.Noun clause from exclamation
conjunction : what & how
3.Noun clause from statement
conjunction : that
4.Noun clause from request
conjunction : that
Adjective clause
Def : clause as Adj
function as post modifier
kinds of Adjective clause relative pronoun as Subject who (person)
which (non person)
as Object who (informal)
whom (person)
which (non person)
bisa diganti dengan “that”
relative possessive adj : whose
relative adverbs of time : when
of place : where that / which
of reason : why
catatan : 1.selalu ingatlah bahwa Adjective clause dalam posisi post modifier pada sebuah kalimat harus ber Antecedent ( ada tempat kembalinya).
tips untuk beberapa conjunction yang sama antara Nc,Ac,Avc
that Nc W.o : that + s + v
Ac relative pronoun subject W.o : that + verb
object W.o : that + s + Vt
that + s + prep (O of prep)
relative adverb of place : noun of place that + s + v
of time : noun of time that + s + v
of reason : noun of reason that +s + v
1.e.g : the house that you sing a song to me
2.e.g : the moment that you loved me
3.e.g: the reason that you leaved me
Avc W.o: that + s + v (syarat nya harus berpasangan kecuali avc of purpose)
e.g : I loved you so much that I will always make you smile.
catatan : conjunction noun clause bisa di interchangeable dengan menambahkan “be”.
conjunction Avc tidak bisa diinterchangeable &tidak mempunyai antecedent.
meski di depan nya ada noun of of time reason,place,tetapi diawal kalimat ada “it” maka ia bisa dipastian Nc sebagai subject after it.
exercise 21
tentukanlah jenis clause dibawah ini.
1. when te movie starts isn’t determined.
2. the movie when I came was running.
3. my doubt when she had told me that she had just sent me a letter is true.
4. the time when you can complete your duty is long.
5. it was known when the first people come to your country.
6. where we would stay during our trip . no one wanted to know.
7. we workers where we are sent by our company must put our best.
8. the island where Ardial leaves with the monkey is full of banana trees.
9. that you know exactly where you can find the one that you look.
10. that our test was canceled ,we know.
11. the fact that she got married Hatta becomes happy & sad.
12. regardless of the fact that Sutris is 20 years old. he look likes a grandpa.
13. it is on a august that we usually celebrate our independence day.
14. seeing that no one answer these questions made me sad.
15. seeing that my parents had sent me much money I would treat you all.
16. the village that my research took a place is a nice place.
17. the term that you can present your idea is about twenty minute.
18. she told me some bad news that was reported in many magazines.
19. many magazines reported so much bad news that every person felt sad when reading it.
20. the day when you go away had made me have stars on my eyes.
Adverbial clause
Def : clause as adv
function Adv ( intial,medial,final )
Cs
kinds of Adverbial clause Avc of time
Avc of place
Avc of contrast adversative
Avc of conssesive
Avc of cause
Avc of result
Avc of purpose positive
negative
Avc of condition
Avc of exception
Avc of manner
hafalan
a.pr pcp as adv
1. come
2. go
3. sit,stand,lie
4. spend / waste + noun of time & money
5. busy
6. have + O of difficulty / fun
b.perception verb d.bare infinitve
1. see 1.causative : have,get
2. notice 2.non causative : let,help,bid,know
3. watch 3.perception : yang berupa whole action
4. look at
5. hear
6. listen to e.gerund / to inf without different meaning
7. feel 1.start
8. behold 2.begin
9. glimpse 3.continue
10. hark at 4.like
11. perceive 5.love
12. witness 6.prefer
13. smell 7.hate
14. observe 8.can’t stand
9.can’t bear
c.non perception verb
1.bring 9.paint f.gerund / to inf with different meaning
2.depict 10.show 1.want,need,deserve,require,merit to inf (active)
3.discover 11.start gerund (passive)
4.draw 12.set 2.stop to inf (to be done)
5.get 13.take gerund ( to be stoped)
6.can’t have 14.catch 3.try to inf (making effort)
7.won’t have 15.find gerund (making experiment)
8.imagine 16.keep
4.forget,remember,regret to inf (future meaning)
gerund (past meaning)
g.cvt ps pcp as noun
causative : have,get
non causative : want
perception common : see,hear
uncommon : semua cvt perception kecuali “see,hear”
h.Marcella cvt to pr pcp / prep gerund (page 325)
1.accustom one self
2.allude
3.confess
4.confine oneself
5.dedicate oneself
6.limit oneself
7.resign oneself
8.reconcile oneself
9.look forward
10.object
11.plead guilty
12.resort
13.revert
i.Marcella (327)
1.accustom
2.adicted
3.averse
4.dedicated
5.disposed
6.oppsed
7.used
8.given
a.Noun clause from question (Ncq)
kinds yes / no question
conj : if & wheter
function Subject of verb
Cs
after it
Object of verb
Co
Appositive
e.g : wether she came or not was not important.
subject (nc)
e.g: it wasn’t important if she came or not.
S after it(nc)
e.g : I don’t know wether she will comes or not.
object (nc)
Information question
conj : Q w / Qw ever / Q w soever
function Subject of verb
Cs
after it
Object of verb
of prep
Co
e.g : whoever wins we lose!
Object bisa ditaruh di depan untuk meng emphasize (penegas)
e.g : it is the girl Thiar who is the mysterious girl.
Noun clause from excalamtion(Nce)
conj : what & how
function : Subject of verb
Cs
after it
Object of verb
of prep
Co
Appositive
e.g: I know what a book she read.
O of verb(nc)
e.g: do you know what a book she bought?
O of verb( nc)
e.g: my compliment how kind John is is true.
Appositive (nc)
e.g : we were surprised at what students they were.
O of prep (nc)
e.g: how polite jane is is true.
S of verb (nc)
Noun clause from statement (ncs)
conj : that
function Subject of verb
Cs
afer it
Object of verb
of prep
Co
Appositive
Complement of adjective,emotion, as Adv.(Marcella 273-274)
e.g: I am so glad that I will treat them all.
Adv (Avc of result)
e.g: I am glad, that I can pass this test.
adv (Ncs)
e.g: the announcement that our flight woul be delayed made all sad.
Appositive (Ncs)
e.g: the announcement that the speaker said is about the delay of our flight.
post m (Ac) karakter r.p.o.relative pronoun object.
catatan: semua conjunction “that”tidak boleh bertemu langsung dengan preposisi jenis apapun oleh karena itu Ncs tidak menempati posisi O of prep.
Noun clause from request (Ncr)
conjunction : That
function Subject of verb
Cs
after it
Object after it
of verb
Co
Appositive
e.g: it is advisable that our work be completed soon.
Cvt subjunctive O (nc as subject after it)
e.g: I think it imperative that he come early.
Cvt O Co O (ncr as object after it)
e.g: the opinion that the theory of relativity was discovered by Einstein is true.
Appositive (ncs)
e.g: that Betty cut his hair was advised.
S (ncr as s of verb)
e.g: that Tempe is produced by the Indonesian has been known well.
S (ncs as s of verb)
tips: untuk mudah nya menentukan jenis apakah noun clauce from request, adalah dengan melihat apakah finite sentence nya berupa anggota subjunctive verb. maka, jika aktif verb Dc nya berupa bare infinitive dan kalau passive menjadi be+pp.
catatan : ketika Noun clause menjadi Subyek dari kalimat, maka ia bisa memakai koma / tidak tergantung pada kejelasan kalimat.
anggota subjunctive
a.verb
advise command determine order require
agree decree forbid prefer stipulate
arrange desire insist propose suggest
ask decide move recommend urge
beg demand oblige requet
b.adjective
advisory essential inevitable requisite
agreeable good mandatory suggestive
decisive imperative necessary urgent
desireable important obligatory vital
c.noun
agreement decision preference
arrangement movement recomendation
advice obligation requirement
command proposal suggestion
Ellipsis (peringkasan)
secara umum hasil peringkasan dari Dependent clause
method 1.Abridgment w.o : Soc + Vc verbal construction (termasuk ‘be’)
(ac,nc,avc) sebelum : Soc + S + V
sesudah : Soc + Vc pr pcp / ps pcp
to inf
w.o : Soc + Cs
sebelum : Soc +S+ be + Cs
sesudah : Soc + Cs
2.Reducing : W.o : Vc
(ac,avc) sebelum : Soc + S + V
sesudah : Vc
3.Omitting Omittos (omitting clause)
(ac,avc) W.o :Cs (hanya untuk nominal)
sebelum : Soc + S + be + Cs
sesudah : Cs
Omittor (omitting connector)
(nc,ac) W.o: S + V
sebelum : Soc + S + V
sesudah : S + V
catatan : Abridgment adalah pola peringkasan yang menyisakan Soc+Vc /Soc+Cs.
Reducing adalah pola peringkasan yang menyisakan Vc
Omitting clause : pola yang menyisakan Cs
connector : pola yang menyisakan S + V
Ellipsis Avc of time
syarat : NON modal
Subject IC dan Subject DC sama.
Certain conjunction
method Abridgment W.o : Soc + Vc (initial,final,medial) pr pcp : before,after,since,while,when,till,untill
ps pcp : once,whenever,when,till,until (simple passive)
W.o : Soc + Cs
conj : before,after,since,while,when,whenever,once,till
until
Reducing W.o : Vc
(initial) conj : after,when,while
Omitos W.o : Cs
(initial) conj : after,when,while
e.g: Abridgment (nominal)
Lisa always eats when she is angry.
Lisa always eats when angry.
Soc Cs
e.g: Abridgment (verbal)
before Iqbal watched football, he went to the kitchen to get a snack.
before watching football, he went to the kitchen to get a snack.
Soc Vc
e.g: reducing
after Isna cooked a dinner, she prepared for the dinning room.
cooking a dinner, she prepared for the dinning room.
Vc
e.g: omitos (hanya untuk nominal)
while my girl friend is happy, she has radiant smile.
happy, she has a radiant smile.
catatan: untuk menentukan pakai metode yang mana, maka lihat conjunctionnya.
Ellipsis Avc of purpose
syarat modal (can,could)
subject Ic dan Dc sama.
certain conjunction : (in order) that,(so)that bermakna agar
method Abridgment : Soc + Vc berupa in order,so + to inf(initial,final)
Reducing : Vc berupa to inf
e.g: abridgment
Ardial went home in order that he could help his wife cooks the dinner.
modal
Ardial went home in order to help his wfe cooks the dinner.
e.g: reducing
Ardial went home to help his wife cooks the dinner.
Ellipsis of noun clause
1. Noun clause from question (Ncq)
syarat Modal
Subject Ic sama dengan Dc
Semua conjunction kecuali “if & why”
method : Abridgment : Soc + Vc berupa to inf
e.g : I don’t know what I can do if I meet her.
O (nc) Adv ( avc)
I don’t know what to do if I met her.
2.Noun clause from statement (Ncs)
syarat : tidak difungsikan sebagai Subjectof verb & Appositive.
method : Omitor : S+v
e.g: Her father told me that she is a pianist.
Dvt Io Do (ncs)
Her father told me she is a pianist.
e.g: that Olif is a nice boy is not true.
karena Ncs yang di fungsikan sebagai Subyek dari kalimat,maka tidak bisa diringkas
e.g : our plan that we have arranged for 2 weeks has been stolen.
Noun clause yang difungsikan sebagai Appositive tidak bisa diringkas.karena ia tidak ber antecedent kepada “time,place,reason” jadi ia bukan Adjective clause.
exercise 22
ringkaslah kalimat dalam soal ini.
1. since many times ago, many people haven’t known what they should do in order that they could get what they need.
2. the assumption that the world is round is the fact.
3. the time keeper announced that we couldn’t open our book during the test until we are permitted.
4. you must have logical argumentation so that they may not take the first in the next period.
5. that the government would raise the price of cooking oil every one knows.
6. you can eat those fish once they are cooked.
7. I will inform him whether he can come to the hospital or not.
8. have you ever realized what program you should take once you finshed studying heres?
9. you can stay in house until you find a new boarding house.
10. many television chanels report that the weather which becomes worse in our country from may to june is more often now.
Ellipsis of Adjective clause
method Abridgment
Rpo of preposition. syarat : modal
W.o : prep Soc to inf
Reducing
Ra (relative adverb) syarat : modal
Rpo (relative pronoun object)
W.o : Soc + to inf
Rps (relative pronoun subject) syarat modal
W.o : Soc to inf
non modal
W.o : Soc pcp
pr pcp (non pv & nominal) ps pcp (passive)
Omitting clause. syarat : Non modal / simple nominal sentence.
W.o : Soc be Cs
connector
Ra & Rpo (tidak mempunyai syarat)
e.g (reducing Ra,Rpo,Rps)
the day when I could ride my bicycle was my sweet memory.
Relative adverb
the day when to ride my bicycle was my sweet memory.
when I wanted to buy that fish which the color could impress me in fish fair, I got a cheap price. Relative pronoun subject (non person)
when I wanted to buy that fish which to impress me, I got a cheap price.
the man who can solve your problem is Harry.
Relative pronoun subject
the man to solve your problem is Harry.
the book that I buy is a useful one.
Relative pronoun object
the book to buy is a useful one.
e.g: omitos
Arjen Robben who is a skillful player has moved to Madrid.
Arjen Robben a skillful player has moved to Madrid.
e.g: omitor
the lesson that I like is Javanese.
the lesson I like is Javanese.
penjelasan :
1.tanya : kenapa conjunction Adjective clause disebut relative?
jawab: selain difungsikan sebagai conjunction, ia difungsikan sebagai “Object,Subject,Adverb .
seperti jika kamu lihat contoh “ the book that I buy.” karena buy disana karakternya Verb transitive ,maka jelas membutuhkan Object. jadi “that” itulah yang difungsikan sebagai object nya “buy”
2.fungsi Adjective clause adalah untuk meringkas dua kalimat menjadi satu.
e.g: 1.my parents gives me a lot of advice.
2.he always knows the problem of his sons.
my parents who always knows the problem of his sons gives me a lot of advice.
untuk digabung menjadi satu kalimat ,maka harus menggunakan conjunction yang berkarakter pronoun subject. oleh karena itu disebut relative pronoun subject.
exercise 23
tentukanlah jenis Clause dalam kalimat ini yang sudah Ellipsis.
1.I am surprised I found many students having difficulty answering the examination.
2.we are talking about how many goods to prepare before leaving.
3.don’t forget to close your window to keep it clean from the dirty and save it from the cat that you hate.
4.to remove the pain from permanent press clothing, wash it with a regular detergent smooth enough.
5.I love you so much that I will always try to make you smile to make your daily life glorious.
6.the room to stay is nice.
7.the hall we had meeting is in 5 stars hotel.
the month we went camping is February.
8.the woman talking with you is very polite.
9.the question tested is not very difficult when I get a SPMB.
10.sometimes, we realize someone loving us hurts ourselves.
Inversion
Definisi : struktur kalimat yang menempatkan verb sebelum subject (pola susun balik).
fungsi: secara umum untuk mengemphasize(menegaskan) sebuah kalimat kecuali pada Question word.
pola basic : verb + subject
variant : Verb aux + Subject + Verb ord ( Va S Vo )
Verb ord + Subject ( Vo S )
Vaux +Vord +Subject ( Va Vo S )
Vord + Vaux + Subject ( Vo Va S )
Basic inversion : Verb Subject
variant 1 : Va S Vo
a.Question mark Interrogative Question
(required) Quasi interogative
b.Modal wishes :
(required)
c.Words : than- Cavc of comparison tenses s.pr/s.ps/pr.pf/ps.pf
(optional) Subject NON personal pronoun
E.g: my brother works harder than did the workers now sitting on a floor
As- Cavc of comparison tenses s.pr/s.ps/pr.pf/ps.pf
(optional) Subject NON personal pronoun
E.g : my brother works as hard as did the - workers now sitting on a floor.
Manner Subject Non personal pronoun
Ellipsis substitution
E.g : Jacko plays with Roi as a cat plays with a mouse.
Jacko plays with Roi as a cat does with a mouse / as does a cat , with a mouse
wajib pakai koma agar tidak di anggap sebagai Post Mod dari a cat & -
di buat ellipsis the same baru di inversi
Cavc ( the same noun as SV) Subject : non personal pronoun
(optional) VS Ellipsis : Subtitution
jika the same harus sama tensesnya
E.g : yesterday Habib made the same- mistakes as Isna had made
required as had Isna.
So Adverb mean “also”
Cavc of result – split : di awal Independent Clause.
E.g : Rio looks so fussy that no one can win debating with him.
IC(sebab) DC(akibat)
so fussy does Rio looks that no one can win debating with him.
jika “so” di inversi ,maka Adv / Adj yang di degreekan harus - ikut serta.
variasi : that no one can win debating with him , Rio looks so - fussy.
so fussy Rio looks
so fussy does Rio looks Optional
jika Dc dari Avc of result nya diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka dengan keharusan Conjunction “That” di buang / di omitor,dan “so di tempatkan di depan IC.
Cavc of degree- comparison – split : di awal IC
E.g : Thiery doesn’t look so fussy as Amma did.
penyebab inversi
so fussy does thiery looks as did Amma / Amma did.
IC wajib di inversi DC optional
as Amma did, Thiery doesn’t look so fussy.
so fussy as Amma did, Thiery doesn’t look so fussy.
so fussy as did Amma, Thiery doesn’t look so fussy.
jika “so” dari Avc of comparison di letakkan di awal kalimat ,maka tidak menyebabkan inverse pada Ic nya, hanya “as” nya saja yang mengalami inversi.
conj conj
Cavc of extent : E.g : the oftener you visit me ,the more bored I become.
avc of extent
karena Conj extent terdiri dari The_______The. ia tidak bisa di inversikan ,jadi harus di rubah memakai Conj extent yang lain yaitu (in proportion) as
(in proportion) as____so
As you visit me oftener, so do I become more bored. (optional)
so do I become more bored as you visit me oftener.
(variasi) as you visit me ofrener , so do I become more bored.
jika Conj extent The_____The pakai bentuk comparative ,namun apabila conj extent (in proportion ) as ___so bisa optional. dan, jika comparative harus di depan.
so_____that dari Avc of result yang murni conj hanya “That”, dan berkarakter conj sedangkan kalau “so” ia adalah conj namun berkarakter Adv.
tuk membedakan so dimiliki oleh compound / Avc of result =
1.Avc of result ada Adv / Adj yang di degreekan.
2.Jika Cc hanya mengcompoundkan Ic & Ic
c.words : such – Cavc of result – split di awal Ic
(required) tidak menjelaskan noun
E.g: expletive It : it looks such terrible experience that I don’t expect to happen again.
(impersonal) conj (Head) Conj Avc of result
jika ingin di inversi “such” nya harus di buat untuk tidak menjelaskan Noun.
E.g : the terrible experience looks such that I don’t expect to happen again.
(Head)
such does terrible experience look that I don’t expect to happen again.
E.g (non expletive it) impersonal : My experience looks so / such great that everyone is glad to hear it.
so / such great does my experience looks that everyone is glad to hear it.
Adv of emphasize : Only + Adv = di awal Ic (jenis adverb apapun)
(required) E.g : 1. I will come only after you pick me up.
Only after you pick me up will I come.
2.he hasn’t cried only since.
Only since hasn’t he cried.
3.Harry puts his books only here.
Only here does Harry put his books.
Negative words di awal Ic & dalam bentuk positive,namun bermakna negative.
hardly,rarely,seldom,scarcely,few,little. tidak menjelaskan - noun
kata-kata yang mengandung : no/not = neither____nor
prepositional phrase / Sub clause yang mengandung no/not
under no circumstances(walau bagaimanapun),not until,not under
E.g: 1.you must open these packages under no circumstances.
under no circumstances must you open these packages.
(bermakna negative) “jangan di buka / tidak boleh”
2.he little know this case. little does he know this know.
3.your magazines look few. few do your magazines look.
4.he came not after you went (avc of time)
not after you went did he come.
jika “must” dalam negative bermakna “jangan /tidak boleh.”
Avc of condition
type 1 : s.pr – s.future
type 2 : s.ps – ps.future
type 3 : ps.pf – ps.future perfect
DC IC
Va S Vo
words : Avc of condition type 1 omitor
should – ( kebetulan)
type 2 omitor
were
type 3 : omitor & di awal IC
E.g : type 3. Sutrisno wouldn’t have missed the lecture if he hadn’t been sleepy.
Sutrisno wouldn’t have missed the lecture had he not been sleepy.
hadn’t he
Avc condition yang negative jika di omitor maka hasil inversi nya tidak boleh di singkat.
type 1 : if you should go to Surabaya ,drop in my house.
should you go to Surabaya, drop in my house.
type 2 : if I were staying at home now, You could drop in my home.
were I staying at home now, You could drop in my home.
E.g type 2 : Your son would obey you if you always made him do it.
tidak bisa di inversi karena tidak memenuhi syarat,tapi bisa dilakukan jika di buat variasi terlebih dahulu yang berbentuk “were to infinitive”.
your son would obey you if you were always to make him do it.
your son would obey you were you always to make him do it.
type 1 : tidak semua bisa di inversi karena harus memenuhi syarat
type 2 : lihat contoh*
type 3 : semua bisa di inversi
Va S Vo
unusual Adv of place di awal Ic
(required) prepositional phrase
verb transitive
E.g: Hasan and Ismail were having a heat discussion in the grave yard next to my house.
in the grave yard next to my house were Hasan and Ismail having a heat discussion.
hasil inversi
E.g : we had a heat discussion in class.
in class we had a heat discussion.
(meski prepositional phrase di tempatkan di awal dan vt namun Adv of place nya berada di tempat yang lazim,jadi tidak bisa di inversi)
variant 2 : Vo S ( syarat: Non modal simple)
a.Nominal.
1.Question mark
2.words Than
As
So
Such
Only + Adv
Negative words
“The” conjunctionnya Avc of extent
( optional & yang di Inversi IC )
E.g: the sooner it is, the better it is. is it
untuk mengetahui yang mana Dc & Ic, lihatlah Koma. jadi, kalau sudah begitu tinggal tentukan Ic nya, lau di Inversi.
Complement of Subject (syarat: Di awal IC,dan wajib inversi”required”)
*E.g: The movie was great! Great was the movie!
Subj Lv Cs Cs Lv Subj
*Inversi dengan memakai methode Archaic,kuno. Biasa digunakan dalam kesusastraan.
3.Adverb of order,urutan (syarat: Di awal Ic,Non subject personal pronoun)
(required)
E.g: The police car was first out.
first was the police car out.
catatan tambahan:
jika Cs nya berupa Noun jadi bisa di interchangeable, dan yang berkelas kata Noun dapat menempati posisi “Subject”
E.g: He is jacko.
S Lv Cs
Jacko is he.
S Lv Cs
4.Adv of condition type 2 ( syarat: “were” dengan metode Omitor )
(required)
E.g: I would kiss her if I were you.
I would kiss her were I you.
5.Exclamatory phrase
(optional)
E.g: How thin Habib is!
How thin is Habib!
6.Necessary adv of place. syarat: there,here,*adverbial preposition,prep phrase
semua bersyarat dengan harus menggunakan Subject personal pronuoun, kecuali “prep phrase*.Adverbial preposition adalah preposisi yang difungsikan sebagai Adv.
Di awal Independent clause
Verb intransitive in motion,mengandung aktifitas/ position
E.g:1.your daughters are out. Vi in motion(aktifitas)
Out are your daughters.
2.The birds are in the cage.
In the cage are the birds.
3.We are in class.
In class are we.
4. They were in.
karena subjectnya berupa personal pronoun,maka TIDAK bisa di inversi.
Exercise 24.
pilihlah jawaban yang menggunakan metode Inversi secara tepat.
1.How slow_____!
a. did she run c. was she
b. she did the test d. did she do the test
2. So______that we couldn’t run after.
a. quickly the thief run c. quick run the thief
b. quick the thief run d. quickly the thief
3. He got as serious an injured as___stricken on the road.
a. the old man had c. was the ld man
b. the old man was d. did the old man
4. She has a lot of free time____.
a. so often does she visit me c. so often visits she me
b. so often she visit me d. so often does she visits me
5. I would buy an antique table____.
a. I had a great deal of money c. did I have a great deal of money
b .had I great deal of money d. were I have a great deal of money
6. Only men ____.
a. they visited c. invited they
b. b. did they invite d. they invited us
7. under that tree_____the principal
a. meet c. I have to meet
b. have I meet d. do I have to meet
8. Down____.
a. the rain fall c. falls the rain
b. did the rain fall d. fall the rain
Variant 2 : Vo S (syarat dan ketentuan yang berlaku sama dengan variasi “Vo S” versi nominal.)
b.verbal
Vi Adverb of place there,here,Adverbial prep,prep phrase
subject personal pron
Di awal Ic
Vi motion / position
E.g: 1. He came in. in he came.
2.your son come out. out come your son.
3.She went to the market. to the market went she.
Adv of order (di awal Ic,NON subject personal pron)
(required)
E.g the police car first came. first came the police car.
Excalamatory phrase.
(optional)
E.g: How diligent they look! How diligent look they!
word “the____Cavc of extent ( Ic inverted)
(optional)
E.g: the angrier you are, the more beautiful you look.
DC IC
the angrier you are, the more beautiful look you.
Cs adjective (di awal IC)
(required)
E.g: your father became angry.
angry became your father.
Vt introductory verb (IV) direct speech
Mono transitive
s. pr / s. ps
Non subject personal pronoun
“have” mengandung makna “posses” interrogative mode,namun hanya British & Great Britain yang menggunakannya.
E.g: She has a car.
has she a car? (sama dengan does she have a car?)
variant 3
Va Vo S
Adv of place
adv of order
Exclamatory phrase syarat & ketentuan ama dengan variant 2 –
word “The__Cavc of extent hanya berbeda dari Auxiliary verb
Cs adjective
variant 4.
Vo Va S*
*hanya digunakan dalam bentuk passive & terdiri dari kalimat yang cukup panjang,seperti S+ V+O+Co+Adv. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, belum pernah / menemukan dalam kalimat yang pendek semacam S+V+O.
E.g: your brother was seen crying in the bathroom
S Vaux Vo Adv
jika ingin di inversi,maka bagian belakang dari kalimat secara keseluruhan ikut serta.
seen crying in the bath room was your brother.
Vo Adv aux Subject
variasi dari variant 4.**
karena Subject terlalu panjang, sedangkan dalam sisi cross culture understanding di barat sana lebih menyukai gaya penulisan “End weight” yang berarti berat dibelakang.
Your brother who works as a waiter was throwing a ball.
Subject V O
Throwing a ball was your brother who works as a waiter.
Vo O Vaux Subject
End weight style
***untuk menggunakan metode inversi seperti ini ,maka dalam sebuah kalimat harus mempunyai subject panjang. referensi metode inversi Vo Va S dari “Nelson T.O.E.F.L & Michael swan”
catatan tambahan
1.“There” tidak akan menyebabkan inversi jka Verb transitive karena syarat inverse harus mengandung makna “Motion / Position, “there” bisa di letakkan di belakang kalimat jika Ic nya pendek.
2.Antecedent tidak harus di awal kalimat
Exercise 25.
pilihlah jawaban yang menggunakan metode Inversi secara tepat.
1.Seldom _____more than 20 minutes a night.
a. sleep giraffes c. giraffes do sleeps
b. do giraffes sleep d . giraffes sleep
2.Beside the building ____whom you are looking for.
a.has the manager c.has been the manager
b.the manager has d.the manager has been
3.Since an immediate change was needed on an emergency basis, ____by the governor to curtail tail way expenditures.
a. so it was proposed c. because of the proposal
b. was proposed d. it was proposed
4.there are geographic, economic, and cultural reasons why____arround the world.
a. diets differ c. are diets different
b. do diets differ d. to differ a diet
5.Only for short period of time_____run at top speed.
a. Cheetahs c. that a Cheetah can
b. do Cheetahs d. can
6.Most southern states had set up primary school system by the late eighteenth century, but only in New England_______and open to all students.
a. primary schools were free c. free were primary schools
b. were primary schools free d. were free primary schools
7._____of chamber music is the string quartet.
a. the famous most form c. the form most famous
b. the most famous form d. most the form famous
8._____that Emily Dickens on wrote,24 were given titles and 7 were published during her lifetime.
a. of the 1800 poems c. because the 1800 poems
b. there were 1800 poems d. the 1800 poems
9.____of great apes , the Gibbon is the smallest.
a. four of the types c. for types of the
b. the four of types d. of the four types
10.Not until the seventeenth century _____to measure the speed of light.
a. did anyone even attempt c. did anyone attemp even
b. anyone did even attempt d. did even attemp anyone
11.were____millions of Dollars each your replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline would be changing even more rapidly.
a. the U.S army corps of engineers not spending
b. the U.S army corps of engineers not spend
c. the U.S army corps of engineers doesn’t spend
d. not spending the U.S army corps of engineers
12.Acidophilus bacteria are ______in an acid medium.
a. those that grow best c. that those grow best
b. those grow best that d. grow best those that
catatan tambahan
1.fronting adalah sebuah struktur dimana dalam sebuah kalimat yang Object dari verb transitivenya di tempatkan di awal kalimat untuk menegaskan.
E.g: I only love her.
s adv vt o
only her I love.
adv o s vt